Auren Wata Daya - 13 to 14

 

       AUREN WATA DAYA

Page  13

Tana shiga daki ta sauya kayan bacci tayi kwanciyarta tanajin zuciyarta tayi mata wasai bata da wata damuwa sai matsanaicin soyayyar sadeeq datake damunta ako da yaushe domin amadadin taji yana fita a ranta sakamakon tsantsar tsanar da yake nuna mata amma abun ba haka yakasance ba zuciyarta tayi nisa a soyayyar wanda baya ra'ayinta.

Tunawa tayi yau kwananta 5 a gidan hakan yana nufin saura kwana 25 ta rabu da farin cikin zuciyarta hawaye taji sun fara bin kuncinta amma takasa gogewa domin fitarsu kesan taji sassauci acikin zuciyarta, afili ta furta koda soyayyarka zata kasheni yaya sadeeq dolane kafin nabar gidannan na tabbatar da na gasaka gashi mai wahala wanda kobayan nabar gidan ka dolene abubuwan dana aikata suyimaka yawo akwakwalwar ka domin bazai taba yuwuwa kamaidani bazawara a idon duniya ba domin Babu mutumin da zai kalle ni amatsayin budurwa.

 Tana zuwa nan tayi shuru na yan mintuna saikuma ta fadada murmushi a fuskarta ta juya ta dauki wayarta ta kashe ta gyara kwanciyarta  tayi addu'a hadi da runtse idanunta.Tunda ta mike yakebin bayanta da idanu harta bacewa ganinsa ajiyar zuciya  ya sauke yace kai amma wannan yarinya akwai shu'uma ni dutse ne dazatazo gabana tana irin wannan karairayi jiki saikace wata tarwada, ai gaskiya dole na dau mataki a kanki yarinya domin zan iya jure kowane wulakanci amma banda irin wann yaja wani dogon tsaki yana cewaYaran yanzunema duk sun lalace inba hakaba yaza'ayi wannan gansamemiyar yarinyar tazo gabana babu ko kunya tana kararraya, shi kadai yayita surutu daga baya ya mike ya rufe ko ina na gidan ya kashe kayan kallon ya koma dakinsa yayi wanka sannan ya kwanta yana lumshe idanunsa har yanzu jinsa yake tareda wani bakon al'amari tun abunda khairat tayi masa dazu, lumshe idanunsa yayi afili ya furta  ammafa wannan yarinyar Allah yayi mata zubin halitta ahaka har bacci ya kwasheshi.

Washe gari karfe 7:00 khairat ta fito daga dakinta sanye cikin wani material dinkin Riga da siket yayi mata kyau sosai gyara gidan ta soma yi tundaga dakinta zuwa parlour sama dana kasa gidan yayi kal dashi ko ina sai kamshi yakeyi tana kammalawa ta tashi da niyyar fitowa ta gyara harabar gidan domin tunda tazo gidan bata fito wajan ba barekuma batun gyara wajan sau daya ma ta taba ganin wajan lokacin da zata raka su aisha washe garin kawota kenan,  sanin datayi babu ko mai gadi a gidan ne ya sanya ko hijab bata dauka ba ta bude kofa ta fito turus kawai tayi tana bin wajan da kallon mamaki gurin kal yake ko ina a gyare yan flowers dake wajan duk anbasu ruwa da alama kuma ba'a jima dayin aikinba, daga kata tayi daidai inda takejin sautin radio kasa kasa wani dattijo ta gane zaune a inuwar  dake bakin  gate din yanajin radio idanunsa arufe da alama ma baisan da fitowarta ba domin akwai tazara a tsakaninsu saboda gidan babban gida ne, tabe Baki kawai tayi ta juya ta koma ciki tana fadin lalle ma matumin nan har mai gadi ya samo amma koya fadamin kwafa tayi tace uhm ina naga wannan darajar.Kai tsaye tashi kitchen tafara hada break fast tana tunanin toh yan, u wannan dattijon ne yayi duk wannan aikin chab amma gaskiya yayi kokari, tana kammalawa ta dauki plet ta zuba ta zuba awani shima ta fito ta koma daki chan tafito sanye da hijab ta dauki abincin ta fita.

Tana karasawa wajan mai gadi suka gaisa tace baba abunci na kawo maka amma kayi hakuri bansan da zuwanka ba shiyasa ban dora da wuri Mur mushi yayi yace Babu komai hajiya ai tun jiya nazoma kuma alhaji yabani kudin abinci ai  A'a baza ayi hakaba ka karba abincin duk sanda na dafa zan kawo maka basai kasiya ba Godiya yayi mata sannan ta koma ciki tayi break fast din tana kammalawa ta koma daki takira wayar aisha tana ringing amma ba'a dagaba harta katse sannan ta sake kira said a takusa katsewa sannan aka daga.

Shuru Aisha tayi mata kawai ta sanya wayar a kunne batare da tace komai ba Khairat najin haka tasan fushi aisha tayi dan haka cikin raha tace sister ya kike kwana 2? dama zakice HK tun ranar da muka zo ko nemana baki kuma yiba ko mom ma naga yanzu andaina kiranta.

Ayya sister wallahi ba haka bane maganar mom na fada miki kunyar ta nakeji ke kuma nasan nayi laifi amma kiyi hakuri kinji  toh inbanyi hakuri dakeba khairat yakikeso nayi?Yawwa yar Uwa haka nakeso nandai sukasha hira tace ta gaida mata mom kafin tazo sukayi sallam ta ajje wayar ta kwanta.Tunawa tayi kwata kwata bataji duriyar sadeeq ba dan haka ta tashi da niyyar fita tadan duba......?

Page 14

Tana fitowa ta sakko kasa taga tana tunanin me sadeeq yakeyi da har yanzu bai fitoba?    komawa tayi saman ta fara sanda zuwa kofar dakinsa ta saka konnenta jikin kofar shuru taji Bb wani motsi anya kuwa lafiya sadeeq yake? ta furta azuciyarta wani dan karimin tsaki kuma taja ta nufi dakinta tana fadin ko ina ruwana ma oho tana shiga ta kwanta ta soma bacci.

Sai wajan 2:00pm ta farka tana salati ta duba wayarta taga time ya salam wane irin bacci nayi hk da har akayi sallah ban farka ba?Cikin sauri ta mike ta shiga bayi tayi alwala tafito tayi sallah tana kammalawa taji cikinta yana kugi ta shafa cikin nata tana fadin wannan wace irin yunwa ce saikace banyi break fast ba. Mikewa tayi ta fito da niyyar shiga kitchen ta dora abinci turus ta tsaya tana kallon parlour din dataga da alama tunda ta koma sama Babu wanda yashigo parlour din hasalima kofar data rufe tananan arufe alamun kwata kwata ba'a budetaba kenan hakan yana nufin har yanzu sadeeq bai fitoba gashi ko matsinsa bataji a samaba.

Tafi 10mins a tsaye tana tunani badai wani abune yasamu sadeeq ba tunawa tayi jiya a halinda ta tafi tabar sadeeq da daddare a firgice ta furta ya salam meyake faruwane? kardai ace ni da kaina na cutar da mijina ashefa ba mijina bane ta fada tana komawa sama(kaji wata yarinta ta khairat tunda aka biya sadaki kuma muka shaida ai sadeeq yazama naki Kai tsaye dakinsa ta nufa ta dora hannuta a hankali ta tura kofar gabanta yana faduwa, wayam taga dakin gashi duk a hargitse kan gadon harda kayan dayasa jiya toh ina ya shiga ko yana toilet ne cikin sanda takarasa shiga cikin dakin ta tsaya bakin toilet din kusan 2mins amma bataji motsi a acikiba kai tsaye ta bude taga babu kowa aciki fitowa tayi daga dakin tana tunanin ina sadeeq yake?  ko bai kwana a gidan bane? dabara  ce ta fada mata ta koma dakinta ta sanya hijab ta fito harabar gidan kai staye tanufi wajan dakin mai gadi dataga baya bakin gate din tasan yana ciki  tsayawa tayi nesa da dakin tana sallam da sauri ya fito yana fadin  hajiya lafiya Tace lafiya kalau baba dama tambayar ka zanyi Babu Wanda yazo gidannan domin zanyi baki ne tun dazu sai bacci ya kwasheni kuma wayata a kashe take sai yanzu na tashi.

Ai hajiya tun safe da alhaji ya tafi aiki babu wanda nakuma budewa gate a gidannan sai mai bawa shukokincan ruwa dayazo ya gyara gidan ya tafi kuma shima tun kafin fitowarki ta safe ne. Sai alokacin ta lura babu mota guda daya a gidan in bata mantaba ranar da su rahama sikazo mota ukuta gani yanzu kuma biyuce. Juyawa tayi tace toh baba inajin sun fasa zuwane barinaje na dora abinci an barka da yunwa.

Ai Babu komai hajiya Murmushi kawai tayi ta koma ciki tana fadin wato yau aiki sadeeq ya tafi amma konaji labari bansan lokacin da zai fara daukata koda amatsayin yar uwarsa danakeba,ma aikata har 2 ya dauka amma ko yasanar dani hawayen datayi sabo dasune taji sun fara zuwar mata tayi saurin gogewa tana fading aiko kaima yau saina baka mamaki.

kai tsaye ta shige kitcin ta dora abinci mai rai da lafiya tana kammalawa ta,uba ta mikawa baba mai gadi nasa sannan ta zuba ragowar tacinye kayanta domin su 2 kawai tayiwa ta wanke kayan data bata ta dada gyara kitchen din sannan ta dada gyara parlour din ta sanya turaruka da room freshener sannan ta koma dakinta tayi wanta tana wanka taji ana kiran sallar la'asar dan haka tayo alwala  ta fito ta tayi sallah sannan ta zauna ta tsara kwalliya ta dauko wani wando da riga wondon irin pencil dinnan ne sai kuma ta dauki bes ta sanya ta dauki irin falmaran dinnan da ake daurewa ta gaba ta sanya wacce tsayinta yake iya kugu ta gyaragashinta tayi farking dinsa ta sanya irin hular nan da bayanta yake a bude ta fito da gashinta tana fadin ,andai kira aisha ko maryam wata tazo tayimin kitso.

Tana gamawa ta feshe jikinta da tura ruka sannan ta juya ta kalli mudubi tana murmushi(nima lekawa nayi ina fadin yau za'asheke yaya sadeeq kennan)Wani dan karamin kyalle ta dauka ta feshe shi da turare ta dauki wayarta ta ta dauki cingum guda daya ta jefa a baki ta sauko kasa sannan ta shiga kitchen ta dauko hollandia mai sanyi tareda karamin cup ta ajje a parlour tana murmushi ta zauna ta kunna TV tana kallo.

Bata wuce 1mins da zama ba ya turo kofar hadi da sallamar da tsaya a kasan makoshinsa, tsayawa kawai yayi yana kallonta dayake kujerar dake kallon kofa ta zauna, mikewa tayi ta amsa sallamar tana dakin wani lallausan murmushi ta nufo inda yake.Tunda ta mike ya karsa daskarewa awajan domin gani yake kamar ba khairat ba yarinya Uwa aljana irin wannan madarrar kyau haka.

Sannu da zuwa take mai amma taga bemasan tanayiba kawai yayi mutuwar tsaye ne, matsawa tayi gab dashi ta dan kara tsayi ta huramai iskar bakinta tana fadin you are wellcom yayana ta sanya kyallen tana goge masa fuska tana wani kashe ido daya wani dadda dan kamshi yaji yana shaka ya lumshe idanunsa a fili yafurata ya salam Murmushi tasake yi tace yadai naganka hakan? Da kyar ya tattara nutsuwrsa yace Babu komai Owk kawai tace ta amsa briefcase din dake hannushi tana nuna kujera da hannun tana fadin muje ka zauna nasan ka gaji da yawa tayi gaba Babu musu kawai yabita ta nuna mai kujera ya zauna, sannan ta dauki cup ta tsiyaya hollandia din ta mikomai tana fadinGa shi nasan kana bukatar abu mai sanyi Nan ma bai musa mataba ya amsa a zuciyarsa yana yana fadin anya yarinyar nan tana da hankali kuwa, be kai ayaba yayi saurin kallon kasa jin tana cire mai safar dake kafarsa da sauri ya kalleta ta kuma kashemai ido tana dada fadada murmushinta tana gamawa ta mike tana hada kayan ta nufi sama binta yayi kawai da idanu domin ko magana ya kasa da abin mamaki yake bashi yanzu kuma tsoro abin yakoma bashi anya kuwa Babu aljanu a gidannan? Ya fada azuciyarsa.

Khairat kuwa tana hawa saman ta tsaya tana dariyar mugunta tana fadin zaka gane kuranka ne ko a haka na barka nasan na figitaka.

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Who invented Exams - Check Back History

Check Back History How Exams Came Into Global.

A large part of our academic life is spent inside the examination hall, and this is especially true in a country like India.

As students, we have dreaded, disliked, and even detested exams. Even before we gave a paper, we would think of all the possible excuses that we could give our parents to explain our poor showing in the results.

HENRY OR HENRY

All in all, as a student, we’ve had this odd and almost amusing relationship with exams, but we’ve never focused on the million dollar question: ‘Who’s the person behind these terrifyingly traumatic form of assessments?’

If we were to go by historical sources, then exams were invented by an American businessman and philanthropist known as Henry Fischel somewhere in the late 19th century. However, some sources attribute the invention of standardized assessments to another man by the same name, i.e. Henry Fischel. The latter one was a professor of religious studies at the Indiana University during the early 20th century. There you go! You’ve finally found out the name of the tormentor par excellence.

Henry Fischel (Businessman, Philanthrophist)

EXAM IN CHINA

Exams actually have ancient roots!

While a lot of people attribute formal assessments and EXAMINATION to the above gentlemen, both named Henry Fischel, the concept of ‘examination’ has its roots in ancient China.

Did you know? That almost 2000 years ago in China, being a government official was a matter of great prestige, and the only way to enter this elite club of government officials was to pass examinations that were designed under the watchful eyes of Emperor Zhang of Hen.

THE CAMBRIDGE ASSESSMENTS

Cambrige hall of exams

Cambridge is one of the most widely recognized educational institutes in the world, and this is something that’s generally known and acknowledged. However, there’s also a quite unknown relation between exams and this historical university.

In the late 19th century, schools in England approached the Cambridge and Oxford universities, and requested them for a standardized test that male pupils could take locally across England. This was in 1858, and back then, exams were open only to boys.

The first Cambridge assessments took place on 14/12/1958, and were administered locally across schools and churches or any other place where students could comfortably take them. The subjects were pretty similar to the ones that we get tested on today such as ENGLISH - MATHEMATICS, Geography, History, Latin, German, French, Politics etc.

Also, just like we have external invigilators for our class 10th and 12th exams, invigilators travelled all the way from Cambridge to different parts of England by rail in order to administer those tests. If you want to access the first ever question paper set by the Cambridge University, you can do so by visiting the Cambridge University Libraries.

TESTS THROUGH TIME

The concept of ASSESSMENTS AND TESTING has evolved drastically in the past few decades. Today, assessments also refer to holistic testing. Unlike regular tests, holistic testing focuses on the overall picture instead of specific components. Also, a lot of individual units are taken into account in order to build an overall picture that reflects the actual competency of a candidate. These tests are used not just in colleges but also while interviewing people for jobs.

That being said, holistic assessments are often fun and very engaging, and are definitely unlike the mundane examinations that we normally come across. This is so because they help you find your calling and point out areas where you can and should improve. Plus, there’s always the added benefit that they help corporates to look for the best talent.

Pretty cool right? Here’s hoping that we and the future generation can always take them up instead of those terrifyingly boring exams!

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Who Invented The (World Wide Web)

   The Inventor Of World Wide Web

The World Wide Web was invented by Sir Tim Berners- Lee in 1989. He is a computer scientist and director at World Web Consortium (W3C).

HISTORY OF WEB AND DIR TIM

Sir Tim was born in London. His parents were computer scientists. He was interested in trains and kept a model in his bedroom. He made several electronic gadgets to control trains. Eventually, he started loving electronics more than trains. After his college, he assembled a computer from an old television. Sir Tim graduated from Oxford University.

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Tim Berners-Lee started working as a software engineer at CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research) after completing his graduation. At CERN, where scientists came from different parts of the world, Sir Tim realized a massive problem of sharing information. He knew that he had the potential to solve this problem. He noticed that different information is available on different computers, but one had to log in to another computer to get information stored in it. By then, computers were connected through the internet, and Sir Tim soon realized that hypertext could be used for effective information sharing.

MAKING THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Tim summarized what we now call web in " information management a Proposal" and shared it with his boss Mike Sendell, at CERN. Unfortunately, his proposal was not accepted. However, his boss gave him time to work on it. Hence, he started working on Steve Jobs's NeXT Computer.

Tim wrote the fundamentals of the World Wide Web by the end of 1990. These technologies are still the foundation of the web and are as follows:-

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): A language for formatting web. Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Also known as URL, it is unique to each resource available on the web.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): Connects server and sends pages from HTML to the user.

Sir Tim was successful in writing the first web page, "World Wide Web app". Additionally, he developed the first web server, "http". Eventually, the first web page was launched on the internet in the 1990s. Communities were invited to join the web and connect for information sharing in 1991

DEVELOPMENT IN WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web started growing; Tim thought that the true potential of the web could be explored and utilized effectively only if people can use the web for free and it becomes accessible everywhere. Tim and others proposed this idea at CERN. In 1993, CERN finally announced that it would make code available for free and forever. This decision revolutionized the way people shared information and paved the way for creativity and innovation.

Tim founded the World Web Consortium (W3C) in 1994 after leaving CERN. W3C is an international community whose motto is to develop open web standards. Sir Tim is still the Director at W3C.

REVELATIONS OF IDEAS THROUGH THE WEB

The web community explored and generated ideas that changed the way we use the web today. Following are some of these revolutionary ideas -

Decentralization of the web: No central authority controls the web. There is complete freedom of what one wishes to post on the web.

Net Neutrality: Net neutrality is non-discrimination, implying that even if two web users pay different sums of money for the internet and have different quality of service, they can share information on the same platform.

Bottom-up design approach: Everyone could participate and experiment in the code rather than just experts writing code and controlling the web.

Universality: All computers communicate through the same language even if the users belong to different regions, follow different cultures, and speak different languages.

Consensus: There is a transparent system in W3C, and anyone can participate in reforming standards through a procedure.

IMPACT OF THE WEB ON PEOPLE

With the connecting of information on the computers, users also connected, widening the global network of people. Location was no more a barrier to find reliable information. Open networks, accessible for any internet user, gave rise to science and research, mathematics, and nuclear science developments. The general public could now know what scientists have researched for depth knowledge of any topic, which was utterly unimaginable without the web. The web has significantly impacted youth the changing the way they gain knowledge and choose their career paths by exploring their interests. Education became free and accessible to everyone. The web has revolutionized lives not just by connecting information but by connecting knowledge and people.

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The Man Invented School - Horace Mann

Horace Mann Inventor Concept of School.

Horace Mann is considered as the inventor of the concept of school. He was born in 1796 and later became Secretary of Education in Massachusetts. He was a pioneer in bringing educational reforms into society. He believed that public education where students would follow a curriculum was necessary to impart education in an organized way.   

He also stressed that the aim of education must be character and civic virtue rather than learning to advance society. 

Mann's method of education soon became popular and was adopted by other states. However, it was not until 1918 that students had to complete their elementary education. Mann is also known as the 'Father of Modern Education.'

HISTORY OF SCHOOL

In ancient times, education was focused on hunting, pottery making, and communication, unlike today. Later, people began teaching individually to their children; knowledge was passed on from the elders. Thus, education first started from families, then became public.  

Before Horace Mann proposed modern education in schools, many already began teaching clusters of students. People thought that education could be imparted efficiently if some teachers teach a large group of students rather than teaching individually. Subsequently, leading to the invention of schools.

Formal education prevailed in many countries, including India, from ancient times. Earlier schools focused on reading, writing, and mathematics. Soon specific purposes such as educating the military became part of it. Nowadays, schools pass on history, philosophy, and mathematics to the students through these formal schools. 

Back then, education was not mandatory but significantly made a difference in the lives of people. This is how school education was evolved-Curriculum - The curriculum has improved because of the competition in different education boards and among the states.

A shift in focus from content to concept - Understanding the concept is focused rather than just grasping the information and memorizing it. It is believed that conceptual understanding will make students better at solving problems.

Engaging students in learning - Students can talk and share their perspectives on topics rather than just teachers speaking for hours. Hence more focus is on learning rather than teaching.

Active learning - Earlier, students learned passively listening to teachers and just answering the questions. Nowadays, a student is effectively involved in active learning. The student asks questions to know more than what the teacher is teaching. Asking questions to solve doubts assures deep learning and better grasping of the subject conceptually.

Discipline - School disciplinary practices have changed globally. Rather than the punishments, the focus is now shifted to learning from the wrong action and making students realize what went wrong.

Learning ensures repairing the student-teacher relationship and making them ready for life challenges.

Games to play - Playgrounds now involve games that focus on balance and coordination. In addition, adventure playgrounds are installed to generate gross motor skills rather than the initial swings and see-saws.

Technology - The location of the classrooms has now changed from the conventional 4-walled room to the laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Students not just learn in class but can learn remotely from whosoever they want to. Lessons are taught and recorded so that the students can revisit to learn effectively.

Learning Resources - Students are taught in a digital classroom using illustrations and animations to clear the concept. Initially, books, blackboards, and notes were the learning resource that has now been shifted to the exciting new technologies.

Assessments - Assessments have evolved from the conventional ways of writing answers to the questions on the test papers to the presentations, performing a play, or creating a video explaining the topic. Involving in creative activities engages the student in the learning process along with the enSchoo.

Learning to read and write - Learning to read and write is almost the same. Students are taught alphabets, words, pronunciation, spelling to be able to read and write. The only difference is how these are taught. The more interactive way offers better learning.

WHAT SCHOOL HAVE OFFER IS.

  Schools teach to read and write, fulfill the building blocks of literacy, and make students disciplined. Interacting with different people makes the student better at building relationships. 

Schools teach students to co-exist with nature. Through various activities, schools teach students to take responsibility, love their country, and serve human kind. The school equips individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to live and solve problems in their lives. 

Over the years, schools have made successful professionals such as engineers and doctors and made peacemakers heal, love, and support people, making the world a better place to live.

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The Thomas Fuller -

Thomas Fuller is an African man, who is born within Liberia and Benin. The noble man was born in year 1710. during his lifetime, he was very intelligent and it is very easy for him to understand everything about arithmetic.

During his lifetime, he remarkable have powers and ability to calculate fast made him a tool of abolitionist because demonstrate blacks are not mentally inferior to white people. Back then in the past century, white people didn’t believe in African talents and their suggestion.

We do believed that, Our African mathematics understanding allow us to claim that when Thomas Fuller arrived in United states. He had already developed his calculation ability before he joined the white people. His ability to learn numbers of words, a numeration system of arithmetical operations.

Although, there are many people who also have the ability to do calculation in other African countries. According to the evidence, here is another man which his name was John Bardot’s, in year 1732, he is good in account of the abilities of inhabitant of FIda.

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Signs and Symptoms of Leprosy You Should Know - WHO

What is leprosy:

Leprosy is a disease caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. These bacteria attack nerves in the hands, feet and face, causing numbness and loss of sensation to those parts of the body. 

It can also affect the nose and the eyes. Early signs include discolouration or light patches on the skin with loss of sensation. When nerves in the arm are affected, part of the hand becomes numb and small muscles become paralysed, leading to curling of the fingers and thumb.

When leprosy attacks nerves in the legs, it interrupts communication of sensation to the feet. As a result, the person does not feel 

pain, and can have injuries to their hands and feet without realizing it. The damaged nerves also lead to the skin peeling off, and the tissue beneath the skin is exposed.

The signs and symptoms vary considerably, 

depending on the patient’s resistance to the disease. They can be easily missed or mistaken for some other disease.

What are the signs and
symptoms of leprosy?

Leprosy should be suspected if a person shows the following the below signs and symptoms:

1: dark-skinned people might have light patches on the skin, while pale-skinned people have darker or reddish patches

2: Loss or decrease of sensation in the skin patch.

3: numbness or tingling of the hand or feet

4 weakness of the hands, feet or eyelids

5 painful or tender nerves.

6 swelling or lumps in the face or earlobes

7 painless wounds or burns on the hands or feet.

Can leprosy be cured?

Yes, leprosy can definitely be cured. Highly effective and safe drugs for the treatment of leprosy are now available for free at most health centres, including those in remote areas.

Are there other names for leprosy?

Leprosy is also called Hansen’s disease after 

Dr Gerhard Armauer Hansen, the Norwegian scientist who first discovered Mycobacterium leprae in 1873. It is called kusht in Hindi (India), kusta in Indonesian 

and rate in Tetum (Timor-Leste).

What is the infectious agent?

Mycobacterium leprae. These bacteria multiply slowly, and cannot be grown in the laboratory in normal bacteriological media or cell culture.

How is leprosy spread?

Humans are the only significant reservoirs. The disease is believed to be spread through droplets from the nose or mouth of a patient to the skin and respiratory tract of another person. Transmission requires close and frequent prolonged contact with untreated, infected person. Indirect transmission is 

very unlikely. The bacteria multiply very slowly and therefore leprosy is not highly infectious. About 95% of people have natural immunity against leprosy.

Are there different kinds of leprosy?

Yes. It depends on a person’s resistance to the disease, not the type of germ or bacteria. There is only one type of leprosy germ, but people react to it in different ways. Most people resist leprosy so well that they will never develop clinical signs even if exposed to active cases for long periods. 

There are two types of clinical manifestations depending upon individual immunity levels. If a person has no resistance, the germ multiplies freely in the skin, the lining of the nose and even in deep organs such as the liver. This is lepromatous, or multibacillary leprosy. Other types, including tuberculoid, borderline, indeterminate and polyneuritic leprosy, are made up of just a few bacilli. These are known as paucibacillary leprosy.

How are leprosy cases classified?

The classification of cases depends upon the number of patches/skin lesions. One to five patches or lesions on the skin is classified as paucibacillary leprosy, while more than five patches or lesions is called multibacillary leprosy. A trained health worker is capable of differentiating between the two types of 

leprosy and treating them accordingly.

What is the incubation period?

This ranges from 9 months to 20 years. The average is about 4–5 years for tuberculoid leprosy (one or two well-defined lesions), and twice that for lepromatous leprosy (numerous flat or raised, poorly-defined shiny, smooth, symmetrically distributed lesions). However cases have been identified in children aged less than 1 year old.

How is the clinical diagnosis of leprosy made?

Clinical diagnosis is based on complete skin 

examination. Doctors also check for sensitivity of patches in the skin.

What is the laboratory criterion for diagnosis of leprosy?

Laboratory criteria include the presence of alcoholacid-fast bacilli in skin smears (scrap-incision method). In practice, laboratories are not essential for the diagnosis of leprosy.

What is the WHO operational definition of leprosy?

A case of leprosy is a person with one or more of the following clinical features, and who is yet to complete a full course of treatment: 

1: hypo-pigmented or reddish skin lesion(s) with definite loss of sensation

2: involvement of the peripheral nerves (definite thickening with loss of sensation).

3: Skin smears positive for acid fast bacilli.

The definition includes retrieved defaulters with signs of active disease and relapsed cases, who have previously completed a full course of treatment. It does not include cured persons with late reactions or residual disabilities.

What other diseases have similar symptoms? 

Many skin diseases which cause patches or thickened skin may resemble lepromatous leprosy. Several skin conditions including fungal infections which cause discolouration or pigmentation or scars may resemble tuberculoid leprosy.

Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy?

No. The bacillus attacks nerve endings and destroys the body’s ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves on fire, thorns, rocks, even hot coffee cups. These injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the bone is absorbed.

Should a person affected by leprosy be sent to a leprosy sanatorium?

There is no need to treat leprosy patients in special clinics or hospitals. In many countries, leprosaria (leprosy sanatoriums) have been transformed into general hospitals or other functions. A leprosyaffected person can and should be treated in any health care centre together with people suffering from other diseases.

Can leprosy be passed on from parents to children?

No, leprosy is not a hereditary disease. Most people affected by leprosy do not have other family members affected by the disease.

Can I live with a person affected by leprosy?

Yes, you can live with a person affected by leprosy because it is not highly infectious. You should, however, help them to seek health care. You should make sure they take proper medication and follow the treatment and care as per the advice of a health worker. People affected by leprosy should 

not be isolated or segregated from their family and community. They can take part in social events and got to work or school as normal.

Can we share household items such as spoons, plates, a bathroom or a bedroom with a person affected by leprosy?

Yes. Household items, bathrooms and bedrooms can be shared with a person affected by leprosy. 

Can a person affected by leprosy get married?

Yes, a person affected by leprosy can lead a normal married life, and have children. 

Can people affected by leprosy be employed? 

Yes, a person affected by leprosy is not a threat to fellow citizens/colleagues if he/she is taking or has completed the treatment.

Does leprosy affect more men than women?

Yes. In general, men are more likely to be affected by leprosy than women, for reasons that are not clearly understood. In many societies, discrimination against women based on sociocultural norms often put women at a disadvantage, which limits their 

access to health care services, decision making power and to opportunities across all spheres of life.

Is it necessary to examine those in contact with a person affected by leprosy?

Those who live with a person affected by leprosy are at increased risk of getting the disease. Therefore, it important to have people living in the same household and close friends examined regularly for leprosy. At the same time, they should also be educated regarding the signs and symptoms of leprosy as well as the type of help they can give to the leprosy patient living with them.

What is the treatment for leprosy?

The treatment for leprosy is called multidrug therapy (MDT). It is a combination of drugs depending upon the type of leprosy. Studies show that MDT is highly effective against leprosy and has minimal side-effects. 

Can BCG immunization also protect against leprosy?

Yes. Studies show that BCG immunization protects against leprosy in addition to tuberculosis. It is therefore important that every child be immunized with BCG.

What I should know about multidrug therapy (MDT)?

MDT is a combination of different drugs to prevent resistance of the microbe to individual drugs used for leprosy. Therefore, leprosy should never be treated with any single anti-leprosy drug.

1: A patient should complete the full course of MDT as prescribed by a trained health worker according to the type of leprosy.

2: MDT is available free of charge at most health facilities including in remote areas.

3: MDT should be prescribed by a trained health worker only.

4 A trained health worker should be capable of answering any practical questions related to MDT.

5: Any adverse reaction to MDT should be 

reported to the nearest health facilities.

Is leprosy treatment life-long?

No. The treatment lasts between 6–12 months, depending on the type of disease.

How long does it take for skin discolouration to disappear?

Skin discolouration normally starts to diminish soon after discontinuation of MDT and the skin should become fully normal within a year.

How can impairment and disabilities caused by leprosy be prevented? 

Early case detection and prompt treatment with MDT is the main strategy to prevent impairments and disabilities among leprosy patients.

A trained health worker should be able to 

recommend appropriate and timely intervention according to the condition of the patient. The health worker should also give appropriate advice on selfcare at home by the patient and his/her family members.

What if a leprosy patient cannot complete a prescribed course of MDT treatment?

It is important to understand that a leprosy patient must complete a full course of MDT. However, there are circumstances where a patient is forced to stop the treatment.

In case the patient has to move out from the 

place where he/she lives, the following actions are strongly advised:

1: Request for a referral letter from the health care centre where he/she is currently taking the treatment. The letter should contain reports pertinent to his/her diagnosis and treatment.

2: Request from the same healthcare centre for sufficient MDT stock to ensure continuous treatment before he/she reports to the nearest healthcare centre in his/her new place.

All healthcare centres can provide leprosy treatment and care. 

1:  Identify and report to the nearest healthcare centre in his/her new place by showing the referral letter; inform the new healthcare centre about new address in detail including contact number, ifappropriate.

2: Continue MDT treatment till the completion of the course.

What are the adverse drug reactions with MDT?

MDT is remarkably safe, and severe adverse reactions are rare. Minor adverse drug reactions include:

1: Rifampicin: reddish urine

2: Dapsone: anaemia

3: Clofazimine: brown discolouration of skin

Serious adverse drug reactions:

4 Rifampicin: allergy, jaundice, puerperal shock and renal failure

5: Dapsone: allergy

6; Clofazimine: intestinal obstruction

What if a person affected by leprosy cannot take one or more drugs in the MDT due to allergy or other medical conditions? Are there alternative drugs?

If a patient cannot take MDT, he/she will be given a special treatment regimen for leprosy. A trained health worker will prescribe appropriate drugs according to medical conditions. The effectiveness of 

alternative drugs is comparable to the original MDT.

Is MDT safe during pregnancy and lactation for the mother and the baby?

Yes, MDT is safe for pregnant woman and the baby. 

Can I take any anti-leprosy drugs after contact with a person affected by leprosy?

The most important thing you should do is to have the other person examined by a trained health worker. The health worker will confirm whether the person is indeed a leprosy case and treat him/her accordingly. At the moment, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effectiveness of anti-leprosy drugs, including rifampicin, as a way to prevent infection with the disease.

What is a “relapse”? How is it recognized and managed?

A relapse is defined as the reoccurrence of the disease at any time after the completion of a full course of MDT. Relapse is diagnosed by the appearance of definite new skin lesions.

If a full course of treatment has been taken 

properly, relapse is rare. Generally relapse cases can be treated effectively with another course of MDT.

What is “leprosy reaction"?

Leprosy reaction is the sudden appearance of symptoms and signs of inflammation in the skin of a person with leprosy in the forms of redness, swelling, pain, and sometimes tenderness of the skin lesion. New skin lesions can also appear. There may also be swelling, pain and tenderness of nerves which often results in loss of function. Leprosy reaction can occur before, during and after completion of treatment.

Are there conditions which require immediate medical care when leprosy reaction occurs?

Yes. Severe leprosy reactions require immediate care. The following are the clinical features of severe leprosy reaction:

1:  loss of nerve function, loss of sensation and muscle weakness with or without pain or tenderness

2: pain or tenderness in one or more nerves

3: A red, swollen skin patch on the face or 

overlying any major nerve trunk

4: ulcerating skin lesions

5: marked oedema of hands, feet or face

6: pain and tenderness of eyes

7: pain and swelling of testes/scrotum

8: pain and swelling in fingers.

If any of the above signs occur in a leprosy 

patient, take the patient to the nearest health care facility immediately, where a trained worker can provide treatment. 

What should a patient know about completing MDT?

The patient should know about the risks of reactions and relapse. If they occur, the patient should report immediately to the nearest health care facility. The patient should lead a normal life, thereby contributing to the reduction of stigma and discrimination against leprosy. 

Is leprosy still a problem worldwide?

Almost all countries in the world have declared that leprosy has been successfully eliminated as a public health problem at the national level according to the definition of WHO, i.e., less than one case per 10 000 population. All countries in the WHO SouthEast Asia Region have achieved elimination at the national level. However, leprosy remains a public health problem at subnational levels in many states, provinces and districts within countries.

Why has a prevalence of below one case per 10 000 population been chosen as the level of elimination?

There are some indications that around the prevalence level of one in 10 000 there is a tendency for the disease to die out, and any resurgence of the disease is highly improbable.

Why is leprosy still a problem?

Leprosy remains a problem due to the following factors.

1: Misconceptions about the disease. Despite the discovery of M. leprae, the causative germ of leprosy, and scientific evidence that leprosy is not a hereditary disease, most people still react to it based on misconceptions, which leads to stigma, discrimination and ostracism of people affected by leprosy and their family 

members. 

2: Leprosy mostly affects underprivileged people, who face multiple barriers to access health care. 

3: The leprosy programme is less popular than other health programmes and gets less 

attention and resources at the global and 

national levels.

What are other factors that contribute to the stigma of leprosy?

Factors that add to the stigma of leprosy include fear of contracting the disease and the misconception that there is no treatment for the disease.

 

Deformity and disability resulting from delayed treatment and the smell from infected and untreated ulcers cause further indignity. It is also wrongly linked with social status, and often seen as a curse by the gods. 

How can I help to reduce the social stigma?

You can do the following:

1: Enhance your understanding about leprosy and share information with others. Better knowledge about the disease helps remove misconceptions.

2: People affected by leprosy have the same rights as everyone else. You can help in changing laws and regulations which discriminate against people affected by leprosy.

3: You can also try to ensure that the rights 

of those affected by leprosy are respected, 

including rights to health care, education, job, and other public services.

4: Contact a leprosy programme officer for 

additional information.

Can leprosy be prevented?

Yes. The effective way for prevention of the disease is by detecting and treating leprosy cases as early as possible. Everyone in the community should positively contribute to this by encouraging and supporting suspect cases to be examined by trained health care workers. There is no preventive vaccine 

against leprosy.

What should the community know about leprosy? 

It is important that the messages to the community are simple, clear, and positive to help dispel fear of the disease. Some examples of messages include:

1: Leprosy is caused by a germ. It is neither 

hereditary nor a curse

2:  Leprosy can be easily diagnosed from clinical features alone by a trained health worker

3: A combination of drugs, called multidrug 

therapy (MDT) kills germs and stops the spread of leprosy after the first dose.

Patients on MDT do not spread leprosy

4: MDT is available free of charge at all health facilities

4: Leprosy can be completely cured

6: Early and regular treatment prevents 

deformities

7: Patients who complete treatment are totally cured, even if they have residual skin patches or disabilities

8: Patients can lead completely normal lives 

during and after their treatment.

Further reading

(1) Please visit WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia website for more information about Leprosy:

http://www.searo.who.int/entity/leprosy/en/index.html

(2) WHO. Enhanced Global strategy for further reducing the disease burden due to leprosy (Plan Period: 2011–2015). World Health Organization, Regional Office for 

South-East Asia, New Delhi, 2009.

(3) WHO. Enhanced global strategy for further reducing the disease burden due to leprosy (2011–2015): Operational Guide.

World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi. 2009.

(4) WHO. Enhanced global strategy for further reducing the disease burden due to leprosy questions and answers. 

World Health Organization, Regional Office for SouthEast Asia, New Delhi, 2012.

(5) WHO. WHO model prescribing information drugs used in leprosy. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998.

(6) McDougall AC, Yuasa Y. A New Atlas of Leprosy. Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation, Tokyo, 2002.

(7) Yawalkar SJ. Leprosy for medical practitioners and paramedical workers. Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, 8th ed. 2009.

(8) Nunzi E, Massone C (eds). Leprosy a practical guide. Springer, Berlin, 2012.

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You Should Know Six (6) Major Effect And Causes of Sweating At Night

    REASONS YOU ARE SWEATING AT                                          NIGHT

Night sweating is the situation where people experience too much sweating as they sleep. Many times its attributed to putting on too heavy bed attires and also temperature of the house. It should be noted that true night sweats may not be connected with such causes but to the following reasons. Discover now.     

                            INFECTION

Usually, night sweats are greatly linked with infections from tuberculosis disease and also HIV.

                    LOW BLOOD SUGAR

Patients taking oral diabetes medications have high chances of encountering night sweats at night.

                         MONO PAUSE

Normally menopause is accompanied by hot flashes which happens as one is sleeping and it results to excess sweating. This is regarded as a major reason behind women sweating at night.

                             CANCER

It is said that when you sweat a lot at night then there are high chances you having a type of cancer called lymphoma.

                         MEDICATION

Use of medications such as antidepressants usually results to night sweats. Additionally, medicines that are used for calming down fever are also linked with night sweats.

                 IDIOPATHIC HIPHEDROISIS

This is known to be a situation where the body of a person continuously release excess sweat with unknown medical cause.

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Matsallolin Shan Taba Ga Al'Umma - WHO

CUTUTTUKAN DA DUKKANIN 
KAYAYYAKIN TABA KE JAWOWA
CIWON DAJI NA HUHU.

Masu shan taba na iya kamuwa da ciwon daji na huhu (9) har sau ashirin da biyu fiye da wadanda basu taba shan taba ba. Shan 

taba shine babban dalilin kamuwa da ciwon daji na huhu, wanda ya kan haddasa kashi biyu bisa uku na mutuwa sakamakon 

ciwon huhu a duniya, wannan kuma yana shafar kimanin mutane miliyan daya da dari biyu a kowace shekara. 

Wadanda ba su taba shan taba ba, amma kuma suna shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa a gida ko a wurin aiki suna cikin hadarin samun ciwon daji na huhu.

TOSHEWAR MANYAN HANYOYIN JINI MASU KAIWA GA HUHU

A duk mutum biyar da ke shan taba mutum ɗaya na iya samun matsananciyar cutar toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini masu kaiwa ga huhu (COPD) (10) a rayuwar sa, musamman ma mutanen da suka fara shan taba a lokacin yarinta da shekarunsu basu wuce ashirin ba, tun da yake hayakin na taba na jinkirta girma da ci gaban lafiyar 

jiki.

Masu shan taba sun fi sauƙin kamuwa da cutar toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini na zuciya har sau uku zuwa hudu. Shan taba yana haifar da kumburi da fashewar jakar iska a cikin huhu wanda ya kan rage karfin shakar iskar ‘oxygen’ da kuma damar fitar da iskar ‘carbon dioxide’.

Har ila yau, yana haifar da zaunewar majina  wadda kuma kan sa tari mai zafi da kuma wahalar numfashi. Mutanen da su ke shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa tun suna yara har suka girma suna dayawan kamuwa da cututtuka a hanyoyin numfashin su,a sakamakon haka kuma suna cikin hadarin samun toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini na zuciya (COPD).

CUTAR ‘ASTHMA’

An san cewa shan taba na tayar da ciwon asthma ga mutanen da suka manyanta, wanda yakan ƙuntata musu, da kuma karawa rashin lafiya tsanani da kuma kara haɗarin cutar wanda yake buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa. Yara‘yan makaranta da iyayen su ke shan taba suna da haɗarin shakar hayakin tabawanda ke zama musabbabin faruwar cutar asthma da kuma tsananin ciwon kumburi a hanyoyi da ke isar da iska zuwa ga huhu.

CUTUTTUKAN DA A KE SAMU 
DAGA HAYAKIN TABA

Dukkan kayayyakin taba suna da illa, kuma babu wani matakin da zai iya nunawa rashin lahanin taba. Shan hayakin taba shi ne mafi yawadaga cikin hanyoyinamfani da taba a duniya baki daya. Sauran kayayyakin 

cin taba sun hada da taba gari, da ganyes, da anguru, da sauransu wadanda a ke sanyawa a lofe da shishaa shata bututun ruwa, da sauran kayayyakin taba na zamani.

CIWON DAJI NA BAKI DA KUMA SAURAN 
CUTUTTUKAN BAKI

Yin amfani da taba (ta hanyar shan hayakin ta ko wani nau’i na tabar) yana zama dalilin kamuwa da cututtukan baki da yawa. Dukkanin nau’ikan tabar su kan zama sanadin samun ciwon daji na baki (5). A kasashe da yawa, da wuya a rayu sama da shekaru biyar bayan gano cutar daji a baki. Wadanda ke warkewa daga ciwon daji na baki sukan sami lahani a fuska da kasa yin magana, ko haɗiya ko tauna wani abu. Yin amfani da taba yana kara haɗarin cutar dasashi, waccedasashi ke kumburasannan ya dauke ya kai ga kashin mukamuki har ya haifar da asarar hakori (6).

Shan taba da kuma amfani da kayan taba ba yana jirkita yanayin sinadaran da baki ke dauke da su, wanda ke sa makalewar bakin datti da sa hakora rawaya da kuma haddasa 

mummunan numfashi.

CIWON DAJIN MAƘOGARO

Amfani da kayan taba tare da shan hayakin taba bayana kara haɗarin Ciwon daji na ka da wuya, wannan ya hada da lebe da kuma cikin baki. Cire ciwon na buƙatar aiki na musamman (7), yadda za a huda rami awuya yadda za a sami damar yin numfashi.Yin amfani da hasken na’ura wajen kawar da ciwon yana da illa kwarai wajen lalata harshe har ya kasha dandano, da rage yawan gudanar yawun baki da kuma kara samar da majina a makogoro, wanda zai sa ciwo da kuma wahala wajen cin abinci.

SAURAN CUTUTTUKAN DAJI

Yin amfani da taba ya kan haifar da cututtukan daji fiye da nau’iuka goma. A duk lokacin da a ka shaki hayakin taba, akwai sinadarai masu guba da a ke kaiwa ga jiki. Daga yawancin sinadaranna taba, akalla nau’ika saba’in an gano sunahaddasa cutar daji. Masu shan taba suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na samun cutar sankarar bargon kashi; da ciwon daji na hanci da kuma na sauran sassan cikin hanci (8a); da hanji (8b), da koda (8c), da hanta, da matsarmama (8d), da ciki (8e) ko kuma ciwon daji na halittar da ke fitar da kwayayen haihuwa na mata; da kuma ciwon daji na hanyoyin fitsari (ciki har da mafitsara, da kuma sauran jijiyoyin bangaren). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna alakar shan taba da kumakaruwar hadarin samun ciwon daji na nono (8f),musamman ma mata masu shan taba da suka fara shan taba kafin su fara daukar ciki.

Haka kuma shan taba na kara hadarin samun ciwon daji na mahaifaga matan (8g) da ke fama da cutar da kananan kwayoyin cututtuka ke haifarwa. Haɗarin waɗannan cututtuka na yawan ƙaruwa ne tare da yawan tabar da kuma tsawon lokacin da a ka yi a na sha, saboda tsawon lokaci a na shan taba na sa jiki kamuwa da sinadarai masu guba. Shan taba mara hayaki na dauke da kwayoyin cuta har 28 wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na cikin baki da makogoro da kuma matsarmama. Ci gaba da yin amfani da taba bayan an ganociwon daji yana kara tsananta cutar, saboda da hayakintaba na iya canza kwayar halitta, wanda zai iya kara girman ciwon dajin; da kawo tangarda ga maganin ciwon daji; da kuma ƙara yawan matsalolin maganin.

MUTUWAR DAN TAYIN CIKI

Yin amfani da taba da kuma shakar hayakin taba a lokacin daukar ciki na ƙara haɗarin mutuwar dan tayin ciki. Mata da suke shan taba ko kuma ke shakar hayaƙin taba lokacin da suke renon ciki suna cikin haɗarin zubewar cikin. Zubewar ciki (haihuwar tayin da ya mutu a cikin mahaifa) na faruwa a lokuta da yawa a sakamakon rashin isasshiyar ‘oxygen’ da rashin dai-daiton mahaifa wanda iskar ‘carbon monoxide’ke haifarwa daga hayakin taba da sinadarin ‘nicotine’dake cikin taba. Masu shan taba suna cikin haɗarinsamun ciki a wajen mahaifa, mai mummunan haɗari ga mahaifiya, a nan yayin da ta ke reon cikin ya kan makale a wajen mahaifa.

Saboda da haka, daina shan taba da kuma samun kariya daga shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa yana da mahimmanci ga mata masu haifuwa, ko kuma masu shirin daukai ciki da kuma yayin renon cikin.

HANA GIRMAN DAN TAYIN DA KE CIKI. 
DA HAIHUWAR DA MARA CIKAKKEN NAUYI DA HAIHUWAR DAN DA BAI CIKA WATA TARA BA

Duk wani nau’i na amfani da taba ko kuma shiga cikin hayakin taba yayinrenon ciki zai iya zama abu mai illa ga lafiya da kuma girman dan tayin yaron da ke ciki. Yaran da aka haifa ga matan da suke shan taba, ko yin amfani da taba gari, ko kuma su ke shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa a lokacin da suke renon ciki suna da haɗarin haihuwar bakwaini da kuma haihuwar yaron da nauyin sa bai cika ba. Yaran da aka haife su a bakwaini da kuma wadanda nauyin su bai cika ba na iya samun matsalolin rashi lafiyana tsawon rayuwar su, ciki har da samun cututtuka masu tsanani bayan sun girma.

CUTUTTUKAN DA A KE SAMU 
DAGA HAYAKIN TABA

CIWON DAJI NA HUHU

Masu shan taba na iya kamuwa da ciwon daji na huhu (9) har sau ashirin da biyu fiye da wadanda basu taba shan taba ba. Shan taba shine babban dalilin kamuwa da ciwon daji na huhu, wanda ya kan haddasa kashi biyu bisa uku na mutuwa sakamakon ciwon huhu a duniya, wannan kuma yana shafar kimanin mutane miliyan daya da dari biyu a kowace shekara. Wadanda ba su taba shan taba ba, amma kuma suna shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa a gida ko a wurin aiki suna cikin hadarin samun ciwon daji na huhu.

TOSHEWAR MANYAN HANYOYIN JINI MASU KAIWA GA HUHU

A duk mutum biyar da ke shan taba mutum ɗaya na iya samun matsananciyar cutar toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini masu kaiwa ga huhu (COPD) (10) a rayuwar sa, musamman ma mutanen da suka fara shan taba a lokacin yarinta da shekarunsu basu wuce ashirin ba, tun da yake hayakin na taba na jinkirta girma da ci gaban lafiyar jiki. Masu shan taba sun fi sauƙin kamuwa da cutar toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini na zuciya har sau uku zuwa hudu. Shan taba yana haifar da kumburi da fashewar jakar iska a cikin huhu wanda ya kan rage karfin 

shakar iskar ‘oxygen’ da kuma damar fitar da iskar ‘carbon dioxide’. Har ila yau, yana haifar da zaunewar majina wadda kuma kan sa tari mai zafi da kuma wahalar numfashi. Mutanen da su ke shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa tun suna yara har suka girma suna da yawan kamuwa da cututtuka a hanyoyin numfashin su,a sakamakon haka kuma suna cikin hadarin samun toshewar manyan hanyoyin jini na zuciya (COPD).

CUTAR ‘ASTHMA’

An san cewa shan taba na tayar da ciwon asthma ga mutanen da suka manyanta, wanda yakan ƙuntata musu, da kuma karawa rashin lafiya tsanani da kuma kara haɗarin cutar wanda yake buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa. Yara‘yan makaranta da iyayen su ke shan taba suna da haɗarin shakar hayakin tabawanda ke zama musabbabin faruwar cutar asthma da kuma tsananin ciwon kumburi a hanyoyi da ke isar da iska zuwa ga huhu.

CUTUTTUKAN DA A KE SAMU 
DAGA HAYAKIN TABA

Dukkan kayayyakin taba suna da illa, kuma babu wani matakin da zai iya nunawa rashin lahanin taba. Shan hayakin taba shi ne mafi yawadaga cikin hanyoyinamfani da taba a duniya baki daya. Sauran kayayyakin 

cin taba sun hada da taba gari, da ganyes, da anguru, da sauransu wadanda a ke sanyawa a lofe da shishaa shata bututun ruwa, da sauran kayayyakin taba na zamani.

CIWON DAJI NA BAKI DA KUMA SAURAN 
CUTUTTUKAN BAKI

Yin amfani da taba (ta hanyar shan hayakin ta ko wani nau’i na tabar) yana zama dalilin kamuwa da cututtukan baki da yawa. Dukkanin nau’ikan tabar su kan zama sanadin samun ciwon daji na baki (5). A kasashe da yawa, da wuya a rayu sama da shekaru biyar bayan gano cutar daji a baki. Wadanda ke warkewa daga ciwon daji na 

baki sukan sami lahani a fuska da kasa yin magana, ko haɗiya ko tauna wani abu.

Yin amfani da taba yana kara haɗarin cutar dasashi, waccedasashi ke kumburasannan ya dauke ya kai ga kashin mukamuki har ya haifar da asarar hakori (6). SShan taba da kuma amfani da kayan taba ba yana jirkita yanayin sinadaran da baki ke dauke da su, wanda ke sa makalewar bakin datti da sa hakora rawaya da kuma haddasa mummunan numfashi.

CIWON DAJIN MAƘOGARO

Amfani da kayan taba tare da shan hayakin taba bayana kara haɗarin Ciwon daji na ka da wuya, wannan ya hada da lebe da kuma cikin baki. Cire ciwon na buƙatar aiki na musamman (7), yadda za a huda rami awuya yadda za a sami damar yin numfashi.Yin amfani da hasken na’ura wajen kawar da ciwon yana da illa kwarai wajen lalata harshe har ya kasha dandano, da rage yawan gudanar yawun baki da kuma kara samar da majina a makogoro, wanda zai sa ciwo da kuma wahala wajen cin abinci.

SAURAN CUTUTTUKAN DAJI

Yin amfani da taba ya kan haifar da cututtukan daji fiye da nau’iuka goma. A duk lokacin da a ka shaki hayakin taba, akwai sinadarai masu guba da a ke kaiwa ga jiki. Daga yawancin sinadaranna taba, akalla nau’ika saba’in an gano sunahaddasa cutar daji. Masu shan taba suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na samun cutar sankarar bargon kashi; da ciwon daji na hanci da kuma na sauran sassan cikin hanci (8a); da hanji (8b), da koda (8c), da hanta, da matsarmama (8d), da ciki (8e) ko kuma ciwon daji na halittar da ke fitar da kwayayen haihuwa na mata; da kuma ciwon daji na hanyoyin fitsari (ciki har da mafitsara, da kuma sauran jijiyoyin bangaren). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna alakar shan taba da kuma karuwar hadarin samun ciwon daji na nono (8f), musamman ma mata masu shan taba da suka fara shan taba kafin su fara daukar ciki.

Haka kuma shan taba na kara hadarin samun ciwon daji na mahaifaga matan (8g) da ke fama da cutar da kananan kwayoyin cututtuka ke haifarwa. Haɗarin waɗannan cututtuka na yawan ƙaruwa ne tare da yawan tabar da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka yi a na sha, saboda tsawon lokaci a na shan taba na sa jiki kamuwa da sinadarai masu guba. Shan taba mara hayaki na dauke da kwayoyin cuta har 28 wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na cikin baki da makogoro da kuma matsarmama. Ci gaba da yin amfani da taba bayan an ganociwon daji yana kara tsananta cutar, saboda da hayakintaba na iya canza kwayar halitta, wanda zai iya kara girman ciwon dajin; da kawo tangarda ga maganin ciwon daji; da kuma ƙara yawan matsalolin maganin.

MUTUWAR DAN TAYIN CIKI

Yin amfani da taba da kuma shakar hayakin taba a lokacin daukar ciki na ƙara haɗarin mutuwar dan tayin ciki. Mata da suke shan taba ko kuma ke shakar hayaƙin taba lokacin da suke renon ciki suna cikin haɗarin zubewar cikin. Zubewar ciki (haihuwar tayin da ya mutu a cikin mahaifa) na faruwa a lokuta da yawa a sakamakon rashin isasshiyar ‘oxygen’ da rashin dai-daiton mahaifa wanda iskar ‘carbon monoxide’ke haifarwa daga hayakin taba da sinadarin ‘nicotine’dake cikin taba.cikin.

HANA GIRMAN DAN TAYIN DA KE CIKI. 
DA HAIHUWAR DA MARA CIKAKKEN NAUYI DA HAIHUWAR DAN DA BAI CIKA WATA TARA BA

Duk wani nau’i na amfani da taba ko kuma shiga cikin hayakin taba yayinrenon ciki zai iya zama abu mai illa ga lafiya da kuma girman dan tayin yaron da ke ciki. Yaran da aka haifa ga matan da suke shan taba, ko yin amfani da taba gari, ko kuma su ke shakar hayakin da mai shan taba ke fitarwa a lokacin da suke renon ciki suna da haɗarin haihuwar bakwaini da kuma haihuwar yaron da nauyin sa bai cika ba. Yaran da aka haife su a bakwaini da kuma wadanda nauyin su bai cika ba na iya samun matsalolin rashi lafiyana tsawon rayuwar su, ciki har da samun cututtuka masu tsanani bayan sun girma.

KARANCIN TUNANI/MANTUWA

Shan taba abu ne mai haɗarin lalata kwakwalwa, wanda wani rukuni na cututtuka ne wanda kan haifar da karancin tunanin mutum wanda kuma bashi da magani tabbatacce a halin yanzu. Karancin tunanin abu ne da ya ke habaka, ya kan shafi ƙwaƙwalwar mutum, da halayyar mutum da kuma ƙwarewa da tsayawa ga ayyukan yau da kullum. Baya ga abin da wannan ciwo ke haifarwa wajen hana mutum zarafin aiyuka, cutar zata iya zama mai nauyi kwarai ga iyali ko masu kulawa da mai cutar. Cutar ‘Alzheimer’mafi yawa a cikin irin wannan cututtuka, kuma an kiyasta kimanin kashi goma sha huhu (14) cikin dari (100) na cutar a duniya na da alaka da shan taba.

RAUNIN MAZAKUTA

Shan taba yana hanaisasshen jini zuwa azzakari, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin ƙarfin mazakuta (rashin yiwuwar mikewar azzakari). Raunin mazakutayafi yawa a cikin mashaya taba kuma mai yiwuwa ya ci gaba ko zama dindindin sai dai idan mutumin ya daina shan taba a farkon rayuwarsa.

MUTUWAR JARIRAI FARAT-DAYA

Mutuwar jarirai farat-daya (SIDS) ita ce mai faruwa kwatsam, ba tare da wani dalili da a ke iya gani baga yara‘yan kasa da shekara 1.

 

An san cewa shan taba yayin goyon ciki naƙara haɗarin mutuwar farat-daya ga yara, kuma haɗarin ya kan ƙara karuwa tare da bin ‘ya’yan da suka Haifa,kuma suka ci gaba da shan taba bayan haihuwar.

JININ HAILA/WATA DA YANKEWAR HAIHUWA

Mata masu shan taba zasu iya jinin haila/wata mai ciwo da zafi da kuma samunalamomin yankewar haihuwa. Yankewar haihuwa kan faru cikin shekara daya (1) zuwa hudu (4) ga mata masu shan taba, kasa da lokacin da a ka sani saboda shan taba yana rage damar samar da kwan haihuwana mace, wanda ya kan haifar da rashin samun damar haihuwa da kuma karancin rowan halittar ‘estrogen’.

HAIHUWAR YARA MASU LAHANIN HALITTA 

Shan taba na iya lalata kwayar halittatare da lalata kwayar halitta ta gado (DNA), wanda kan haifar da lahani ga halittar jariri. Awasu binciken ilimi angano cewa mutanen dasuke shan taba suna da haɗarin haihuwar yaron\ wanda ke iya kamuwa da ciwon daji. Shan taba ga mace a farkon lokacin da ta ke renon ciki na ƙara da hadarin haihuwar jariri mai yankakken lebe ko baki. An kuma lura cewa mutanen da iyayensu suka sha taba alokacin renonciki suna da ƙarancin yawan kwayar halitta fiye da maza waɗanda iyayensu ba su taba shan taba ba.

RASHIN GANI

Shan taba yana haifar da cututtukan ido da yawa, waɗanda idan ba a yi maganin su ba, za su iya haifar da rashin iya hangen nesa. Masu shan taba suna da alaƙa da lalacewar ‘macular’ fiye da wadanda ba su taba shan taba ba, wanda yanayine da zai haifar da rashin hangen nesa. Lalacewar ‘macular’ ya kan shafi yawancin mutane,ya hana karatu, ko tukin mota, da gane fuskoki da launuka da kuma ganin abubuwa yadda su ke. Har ila yau masu shan taba suna da haɗarin samun cutar yanar ido wanda ke kare haske ko gani. Yanar ido (11) na iya haifar da rashin hangen nesa, kuma yin tiyata ne kawai zaɓi don mayar da gani yadda yake. Sababbin hujjoji sun nuna cewa shan taba yana haifar da hawan jinin ido, yanayin da zai kara yawan matsina lamba a idanu kuma zai iya lalata gani. Shan taba na sa radadi a idanu da kuma kara zafin cututtukan idanuga masu shan taba da masu shakar hayaƙinda masu shan tabe ke fitarwa, musamman ma a tsakanin waɗanda suke ɗauketubaran gani na cikin ido.

RASHIN JI/KURUMCEWA

Iyayen da su ke shan taba kan samu yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru biyu masu fama da ciwon kunne wanda ruwa ke zuba daga cikin kunne, Sakamakon shakar hayakin tabar da iyayen su ke sha a gida. Matsanancin ciwon kunne (tsakiyar kunne) ga yara shine dalilin da ya kan sa a sami bebantaka (12) da kurumta. Manyan mutane masu shan taba sun fi fama da rashin ji saboda tsawon lokacin da su ka yi suna shan taba na hana zagayawar jini cikin kunne. Rashin magance ciwon rashin ji ko kurumtana iya tasiri a zamantakewar jama’a, da tunani da kuma tattalin arziki.

RAUNIN KASHI

Iskar ‘Carbon monoxide’ da ke cikin hayakin taba, babbar guba ce irin wacce a ke samu a hayakin mota, ta kan danfarazuwa ga ‘hemoglobin’na cikin jini cikin sauƙi fiye da iskar ‘oxygen’ da jiki ke bukata, don haka sai ta rage zuwan iskar oxygen zuwa jikin mutum. Masu shan taba sun fi saukin samun raunin kashi, yadda karfin kashin ke raguwa da sauƙin karyewa.Idankuma suka fuskanci matsalolin a kashi,akwai jinjiri ko rashinsamun nasarar warkewa.

LALACEWAR FATAR JIKI

Shan taba na kara yawan hadarin samun cututtukan fata na‘psoriasis’ (13), wanda wani mummunan yanayine da ke sa kumburi da dashewar fatata dashe ya bar wani ja a dukkanin jiki. Shan taba yana sa fata ta tsufa da wuri wajen sa sinadarai wanda su ke ba fata da laushi suragutare da daukewar ‘vitamin A’ da kuma hana zagayawar jini. Don haka masu shan taba suna iya samun bushewar fata (14), bayan nan kuma ta yankwane, musamman a kusa da lebe da idanu.

KAYAYYAKIN HAYAKIN TABA

Sune duk wani nau’i da aka yi ko aka samo shi daga taba ta hanyar konawa. Misalai sun hada da taba cigari, da kulli, da babbar taba, 

da lofe, da shisha (wanda a ke sha ta bututun ruwa), da sauransu.

kAYAN TABA BA NA HAYAKI BA

Kowane samfurin taba da ya kunshi yankakke ko dakakken ganye, ko garin taba, da nufin sa shi baki ko hanci. Misalai sun hada da snuff, shan taba fure, gutka, mishri da snus. 

SHAKAT HAYAKIN DA MAI SHANTABA KE FITARWA

Haɗuwa da hayakin taba wanda ya fito daga baki ko hancin mai shan taba da kuma hayakin»gefe» wadansa suka shiga cikin yanayin muhalli daga ci masushan taba da sauran kayayyakin taba. Hakanan ana amfani da kalmomin “shan tabar daga bayan fage» ko «shan taba ba niyya»  duk a na amfani da wadannan domin yin bayanin shan ‘SHS.

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