The First Kanuri Inspector General of the Nigerian Police

The First Kanuri Inspector General of the Nigerian Police 

(Kam Salem (IGP)


Kam Salem was the Longest serving Inspector General of Police in Nigerian history (1966–1975).

          

Kam Selem was from Bama LGA of Borno state-Nigeria Mrs Amne Kam Selem was Kam Selem wife

             

 Kam Salem was Preceded by Louis Edet Kam Selem was Succeeded by Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu

The "Kam Selem House" of the Nigerian Police Force located at Obalende Ikoyi, Lagos-Nigeria was named after him.

Brief History of Kam Selem:

Kam Selem was a Nigerian policeman, who became Inspector General of the Nigerian Police, a post he held from 1966-1975 during the military rule of General Yakubu Gowon.

At the time of the January 66 coup led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, Dikko Yusufu was acting Inspector General since the I.G. Louis Edet was on leave at the time, and Kam Salem had to deal with the crisis when the Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and others were found murdered.

Alhaji Zanna Boukar Mandara (Zanna Dujima) was his personal in the 1960s.


Inspector General of Police in Nigerian History:


Name Period of Office as IGP

1. Louis Edet 1964 to 1966
2. Kam Salem 1966 to 1975
3. Muhammadu Dikko Yusufu 1975 to 1979
4. Adamu Suleiman 1979 to 1981
5. Sunday Adewusi 1981 to 1983
6. Etim Inyang 1985 to 1986
7. Muhammadu Gambo-Jimeta 1986 to 1990
8. Aliyu Atta 1990 to 1993
9. Ibrahim Coomassie 1993 to 1999
10. Musiliu Smith 1999 to 2002
11. Mustafa Adebayo Balogun 2002 to 2005
12. Sunday Ehindero 2005 to 2007
13. Mike Mbama Okiro 2007 to 2009
14. Ogbonna Okechukwu Onovo 2009 to 2010
15. Hafiz Ringim 2010 to Jan 2012
16. Mohammed Dikko Abubakar 2012 to 2014
17. Suleiman Abba 2014 to 2015
18. Solomon E. Arase 2015 – 21, 2016
19. Ibrahim Kpotun Idris is the current inspector General of Police 21 March 2016 etc,

Origin of Biochemistry

The Historical Background of Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes and compounds that occur within living organisms. Its history can be traced back to ancient times when observations of biological phenomena began. However, it emerged as a distinct scientific discipline in the 19th century. Early studies focused on the chemical composition of biological substances like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, notable advancements were made, such as the discovery of enzymes and their role in catalyzing biochemical reactions.

The understanding of metabolism and energy transfer also progressed during this time.

The mid-20th century saw a significant surge in biochemistry with the elucidation of the structure of DNA and the central dogma of molecular biology. Techniques like X-ray crystallography and advancements in spectroscopy greatly contributed to understanding molecular structures.

Over subsequent decades, research in biochemistry expanded to encompass topics such as genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, and biotechnology. Advances in technology, such as recombinant DNA and sequencing, revolutionized the field, allowing for deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of life processes. Today, biochemistry continues to evolve with breakthroughs in areas like genomics, proteomics, and systems biology.


Certainly! Let's delve deeper into the historical development of biochemistry.

Early Foundations (Ancient to 18th Century): Biochemistry traces its roots back to ancient civilizations where people observed and began to document aspects of life processes. The Greeks, for instance, recognized the importance of substances like blood and various organs in sustaining life.

Alchemy, an ancient precursor to chemistry, also played a role in the understanding of substances and their transformations.

Emergence as a Distinct Discipline (Late 18th to 19th Century): The late 18th and early 19th centuries marked the emergence of chemistry as a scientific discipline. Antoine Lavoisier, known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry," conducted foundational work in chemical reactions and the conservation of mass. His work laid the groundwork for understanding chemical processes within biological systems.

Discovery of Organic Compounds and Proteins (Early to Mid-19th Century): During the 19th century, significant discoveries were made in organic chemistry. Friedrich Wöhler synthesized urea, previously thought to only originate from biological sources, challenging vitalism. This highlighted the connection between chemical processes in living organisms and those in non-living matter. In the mid-1800s, the discovery and understanding of proteins as essential biological molecules further contributed to the growth of biochemistry.

Enzymes and Biochemical Reactions (Late 19th to Early 20th Century): The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the discovery of enzymes and their crucial role in biochemical reactions.

Eduard Buchner's discovery of cell-free fermentation in 1897 demonstrated that biological processes could occur outside living organisms, paving the way for enzymology.

Central Dogma and Molecular Biology (Mid-20th Century): The mid-20th century brought about a revolution with the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This discovery, along with the formulation of the central dogma of molecular biology, provided a foundational understanding of genetic information transfer and paved the way for modern biotechnology.

Technological Advancements and Modern Biochemistry (Late 20th Century to Present): Advances in technology, including X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry, and various molecular biology techniques, propelled biochemistry into a new era. Techniques like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), DNA sequencing, and recombinant DNA technology significantly advanced the understanding of genes, proteins, and molecular mechanisms within cells.

Integration with Other Fields (Late 20th Century to Present): Modern biochemistry has become an interdisciplinary field, integrating knowledge from genetics, cell biology, microbiology, and more.

Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and systems biology are areas of active research, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of life, diseases, and the development of new therapies.

Throughout its evolution, biochemistry has continuously adapted and expanded, deeply impacting our understanding of life at the molecular level and driving advancements in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology.

Luxembourg business company

    LuxCo Company Types.

A Luxembourg business company typically refers to a company incorporated and registered in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is known for its business-friendly environment, favorable tax laws, and a well-developed financial sector. As a result, many multinational corporations and investors choose to establish their companies or subsidiaries in Luxembourg.

There are several types of business entities that can be registered in Luxembourg, each with its own characteristics and advantages. Some common types of Luxembourg business companies include:

Public Limited Company (Société Anonyme, S.A.): A publicly traded company with share capital divided into shares. This type of company is suitable for large enterprises and can be listed on the stock exchange.


Private Limited Company (Société à Responsabilité Limitée, S.à r.l.): A private limited liability company with a flexible share capital structure. It is one of the most commonly used entities for small to medium-sized businesses.

Partnership Limited by Shares (Société en Commandite par Actions, SCA): A hybrid company with both share capital and limited partners. This structure is often used for collective investments.


General Partnership (Société en Nom Collectif, SNC): A partnership where all partners have unlimited liability for the company's debts and obligations.


Limited Partnership (Société en Commandite Simple, SC): A partnership with two types of partners: general partners with unlimited liability and limited partners with liability restricted to their capital contribution.


Branch of a Foreign Company: A foreign company can establish a branch office in Luxembourg to conduct business locally.

To set up a Luxembourg business company, you will need to follow the registration process with the Luxembourg Trade and Companies Register (Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés, RCS). The process typically involves submitting the necessary documentation, such as the company's articles of association, identification of shareholders and directors, and information about the company's activities.

Keep in mind that laws and regulations can change over time, so it's always essential to consult with legal and financial professionals or official sources in Luxembourg for the most up-to-date information and guidance.

Types of Canadian Visa

          Canadian Visa

If you're referring to a Canadian visa, Canada offers various types of visas for different purposes such as tourism, study, work, or immigration. Here are some common types of Canadian visas:

Visitor Visa (Temporary Resident Visa): This visa allows individuals to visit Canada for tourism, visiting family or friends, or attending business meetings or conferences.


Study Permit: If you plan to study in Canada at a designated learning institution, you'll need a study permit. It allows you to stay in Canada for the duration of your studies.


Work Permit: If you have a job offer from a Canadian employer, you may need a work permit to work in Canada temporarily.

Express Entry: Express Entry is an immigration system for skilled workers who want to become permanent residents of Canada. It involves a points-based system that assesses candidates based on factors like age, education, work experience, and language proficiency.


Provincial Nominee Program (PNP): Canada's provinces and territories have their own nomination programs that allow them to nominate individuals with specific skills and qualifications for permanent residency.


Family Sponsorship: Canadian citizens and permanent residents can sponsor their family members to immigrate to Canada.

My MOM She is my greatest give to me (Cristiano Ronaldo)

    A journalist asks Cristiano Ronaldo:

   "Why does your mother still live with you?

   "Why don't you build her a house?"

       Cristiano Ronaldo replies :


"My mother raised me and she dedicated her life for me. She would go to sleep hungry, just to let me eat. We had no money at all. She worked 7 days a week & nights as a maid to buy my first shoes so I could be a player.

All my success is dedicated to her and because of her and as long as she has a life, she will always be by my side, she has everything I can give.

She is my refuge and my greatest gift."

How The Numerical Number Found.....

    Have you ever wondered how                    numbers first came about?

Using only ten symbols (0 - 9), we can write and rational number imaginable. But why do we use these ten symbols? And why is there 10 of them?

Strange as it seems to us now, there was a time when numbers, as we know them, simply weren’t invented.
How early humans kept count Early humans in the Paleolithic age likely counted animals and other everyday objects by carving tally marks into cave walls, bones, wood or stone. Each tally mark stood for one and each fifth mark was scored through to help keep track.

This system is fine for small numbers, but it doesn’t really work with large numbers - try writing 27,890 using tally marks.

Symbols for numbers developed with early civilizations As early civilizations developed, they came up with different ways of writing down numbers. Many of these systems, including Greek, Egyptian and Hebrew numerals, were essentially extensions of tally marks. 

The used a range of different symbols to represent larger values. For example, in the Ancient Egyptian system, a coiled rope represented 100 and a water lily represented 1000. Each symbol was repeated as many times as necessary and all were added together, so under the Ancient Egyptian system, 300 would be shown as three coiled ropes.

But even with this system, it was still a cumbersome method for writing large numbers. Positional notation: An easier way to write down large numbers Early number systems all have one thing in common.

They require someone to write down many symbols to record a single number and create new symbols for each larger number.

A positional system allows you to reuse the same symbols, by assigning the symbols different values based on their position in the sequence. Several civilisations developed positional notation independently, including the Babylonians, the Chinese and the Aztecs.

By the 7th Century, Indian mathematicians had perfected a decimal (or base ten) positional system, which could represent any number with only ten unique symbols. Over the next few centuries, Arab merchants, scholars and conquerors began to spread it into Europe.

A key breakthrough of this particular system (which was also independently developed by the Mayans) was the number 0. Older positional notation systems, which didn’t have 0, would leave a blank in its place, making it hard to distinguish between 63 and 603 or 12 and 120. Having and using 0 helps make writing down numbers clearer and easier for everyone to understand.

Positional notation doesn’t have to be based around a decimal or base 10 system.

 The Babylonians invented a base 60 system, which is still the foundation of the way we now tell time: each day is made up of 60 minute hours and 60 second minutes.
Modern ways of managing numbers and complex calculations

Today, we mostly take called numerals; for example, "5" is a numeral that represents the number five. As only a relatively small number of symbols can be memorized, basic numerals are commonly organized in a numeral system, which is an organized way to represent any number.

The most common numeral system is the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which allows for the representation of any number using a combination of ten fundamental numeric symbols, called digits. 2 3 In addition to their use in counting and measuring, numerals are often used for labels (as with telephone numbers), for ordering (as with serial numbers), and for codes (as with ISBNs). In common usage, a numeral is not clearly distinguished from the number that it represents.

In mathematics, the notion of a number has been extended over the centuries to include 0, negative numbers, rational numbers such as one half ${\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)}$, real numbers such as the square root of 2 ${\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)}$ and π,^[6] and complex numbers^[7] which extend the real numbers with a square root of −1 (and its combinations with real numbers by adding or subtracting its multiples). Calculations with numbers are done with arithmetical operations, the most familiar being addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.

Their study or usage is called arithmetic, a term which may also refer to number theory, the study of the properties of numbers.

Besides their practical uses, numbers have cultural significance throughout the world. For example, in Western society, the number 13 is often regarded as unlucky, and "a million" may signify "a lot" rather than an exact quantity.

Though it is now regarded as pseudoscience, belief in a mystical significance of numbers, known as numerology, permeated ancient and medieval thought. Numerology heavily influenced the development of Greek mathematics, stimulating the investigation of many problems in number theory which are still of interest today. 

Among the first were the hypercomplex numbers, which consist of various extensions or modifications of the complex number system.

In modern mathematics, number systems are considered important special examples of more general algebraic structures such as rings and fields, and the application of the term "number" is a matter of convention, without fundamental significance.

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The First University Was Founded By A Woman.....

 

The first university was founded by a woman.....

Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya  founded the world’s first university in 895 CE in Fez, which is now in Morocco. She is more usually known simply as Fatima al-Fihri and when she and her sister inherited their father’s wealth she used her share to found The University of Al Qarawiynn.

The university started as a large mosque and later grew into a place of education. The Madrasa (Islamic School) Al-Fihri founded is still in operation today as the University of Al-Quaraouiyine. It is the oldest continually operating educational institution in the world and was the first institution to award degrees according to different levels of study, in Islamic studies, mathematics, grammar, and medicine.

University of Al-Quaraouiyine

Became a state university in (1963) and now awards degrees in Islamic, religious and legal sciences with an emphasis on classical Arabic grammar and linguistics and law.  Interestingly, teaching is still delivered in a very traditional manner, whereby students are seated in a semi-circle around a Sheikh (Islamic scholar), who prompts them to read sections of particular texts, asks them questions on aspects of grammar, law, or interpretation, and explains difficult points.

Adjacent to Al Quaraouiyine mosque and university is the world’s oldest library. The library will hopefully soon to be reopened after a massive restoration overseen by another woman; this time the architect Aziza Chaouni.

Chaouni grew up in Fez and recalls seeing the great locked doors of the library as a young child. Her vision is for the library to once more become a second home for the people of Fez, a living functional library, not just a tourist attraction.  The, partially re-opened, historic 9th century (CE) library now includes an isolated drainage system to avoid future damage, and a lab to treat, preserve and digitise the oldest texts.  It also houses, with the greatest possible security, temperature and humidity controls ‘a precious ninth-century copy of the Qur’an, written in ornate Kufic script on camel skin vellum (parchment).

A survey by Al- Fanar Medeia in 2018 showed that women earn the majority of undergraduate degrees in many Arab countries, and make up a growing proportion of teachers at the primary and secondary levels of education. However, they are often missing from the upper ranks of higher-education leadership. Today, for International Women’s Day 2019, let’s remember how women contribute to scholarship around the world and be thankful for Fatima al-Fihri’s early vision and leadership in Morocco.

Who invented Exams - Check Back History

Check Back History How Exams Came Into Global.

A large part of our academic life is spent inside the examination hall, and this is especially true in a country like India.

As students, we have dreaded, disliked, and even detested exams. Even before we gave a paper, we would think of all the possible excuses that we could give our parents to explain our poor showing in the results.

HENRY OR HENRY

All in all, as a student, we’ve had this odd and almost amusing relationship with exams, but we’ve never focused on the million dollar question: ‘Who’s the person behind these terrifyingly traumatic form of assessments?’

If we were to go by historical sources, then exams were invented by an American businessman and philanthropist known as Henry Fischel somewhere in the late 19th century. However, some sources attribute the invention of standardized assessments to another man by the same name, i.e. Henry Fischel. The latter one was a professor of religious studies at the Indiana University during the early 20th century. There you go! You’ve finally found out the name of the tormentor par excellence.

Henry Fischel (Businessman, Philanthrophist)

EXAM IN CHINA

Exams actually have ancient roots!

While a lot of people attribute formal assessments and EXAMINATION to the above gentlemen, both named Henry Fischel, the concept of ‘examination’ has its roots in ancient China.

Did you know? That almost 2000 years ago in China, being a government official was a matter of great prestige, and the only way to enter this elite club of government officials was to pass examinations that were designed under the watchful eyes of Emperor Zhang of Hen.

THE CAMBRIDGE ASSESSMENTS

Cambrige hall of exams

Cambridge is one of the most widely recognized educational institutes in the world, and this is something that’s generally known and acknowledged. However, there’s also a quite unknown relation between exams and this historical university.

In the late 19th century, schools in England approached the Cambridge and Oxford universities, and requested them for a standardized test that male pupils could take locally across England. This was in 1858, and back then, exams were open only to boys.

The first Cambridge assessments took place on 14/12/1958, and were administered locally across schools and churches or any other place where students could comfortably take them. The subjects were pretty similar to the ones that we get tested on today such as ENGLISH - MATHEMATICS, Geography, History, Latin, German, French, Politics etc.

Also, just like we have external invigilators for our class 10th and 12th exams, invigilators travelled all the way from Cambridge to different parts of England by rail in order to administer those tests. If you want to access the first ever question paper set by the Cambridge University, you can do so by visiting the Cambridge University Libraries.

TESTS THROUGH TIME

The concept of ASSESSMENTS AND TESTING has evolved drastically in the past few decades. Today, assessments also refer to holistic testing. Unlike regular tests, holistic testing focuses on the overall picture instead of specific components. Also, a lot of individual units are taken into account in order to build an overall picture that reflects the actual competency of a candidate. These tests are used not just in colleges but also while interviewing people for jobs.

That being said, holistic assessments are often fun and very engaging, and are definitely unlike the mundane examinations that we normally come across. This is so because they help you find your calling and point out areas where you can and should improve. Plus, there’s always the added benefit that they help corporates to look for the best talent.

Pretty cool right? Here’s hoping that we and the future generation can always take them up instead of those terrifyingly boring exams!

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The Man Invented School - Horace Mann

Horace Mann Inventor Concept of School.

Horace Mann is considered as the inventor of the concept of school. He was born in 1796 and later became Secretary of Education in Massachusetts. He was a pioneer in bringing educational reforms into society. He believed that public education where students would follow a curriculum was necessary to impart education in an organized way.   

He also stressed that the aim of education must be character and civic virtue rather than learning to advance society. 

Mann's method of education soon became popular and was adopted by other states. However, it was not until 1918 that students had to complete their elementary education. Mann is also known as the 'Father of Modern Education.'

HISTORY OF SCHOOL

In ancient times, education was focused on hunting, pottery making, and communication, unlike today. Later, people began teaching individually to their children; knowledge was passed on from the elders. Thus, education first started from families, then became public.  

Before Horace Mann proposed modern education in schools, many already began teaching clusters of students. People thought that education could be imparted efficiently if some teachers teach a large group of students rather than teaching individually. Subsequently, leading to the invention of schools.

Formal education prevailed in many countries, including India, from ancient times. Earlier schools focused on reading, writing, and mathematics. Soon specific purposes such as educating the military became part of it. Nowadays, schools pass on history, philosophy, and mathematics to the students through these formal schools. 

Back then, education was not mandatory but significantly made a difference in the lives of people. This is how school education was evolved-Curriculum - The curriculum has improved because of the competition in different education boards and among the states.

A shift in focus from content to concept - Understanding the concept is focused rather than just grasping the information and memorizing it. It is believed that conceptual understanding will make students better at solving problems.

Engaging students in learning - Students can talk and share their perspectives on topics rather than just teachers speaking for hours. Hence more focus is on learning rather than teaching.

Active learning - Earlier, students learned passively listening to teachers and just answering the questions. Nowadays, a student is effectively involved in active learning. The student asks questions to know more than what the teacher is teaching. Asking questions to solve doubts assures deep learning and better grasping of the subject conceptually.

Discipline - School disciplinary practices have changed globally. Rather than the punishments, the focus is now shifted to learning from the wrong action and making students realize what went wrong.

Learning ensures repairing the student-teacher relationship and making them ready for life challenges.

Games to play - Playgrounds now involve games that focus on balance and coordination. In addition, adventure playgrounds are installed to generate gross motor skills rather than the initial swings and see-saws.

Technology - The location of the classrooms has now changed from the conventional 4-walled room to the laptops, tablets, and mobile phones. Students not just learn in class but can learn remotely from whosoever they want to. Lessons are taught and recorded so that the students can revisit to learn effectively.

Learning Resources - Students are taught in a digital classroom using illustrations and animations to clear the concept. Initially, books, blackboards, and notes were the learning resource that has now been shifted to the exciting new technologies.

Assessments - Assessments have evolved from the conventional ways of writing answers to the questions on the test papers to the presentations, performing a play, or creating a video explaining the topic. Involving in creative activities engages the student in the learning process along with the enSchoo.

Learning to read and write - Learning to read and write is almost the same. Students are taught alphabets, words, pronunciation, spelling to be able to read and write. The only difference is how these are taught. The more interactive way offers better learning.

WHAT SCHOOL HAVE OFFER IS.

  Schools teach to read and write, fulfill the building blocks of literacy, and make students disciplined. Interacting with different people makes the student better at building relationships. 

Schools teach students to co-exist with nature. Through various activities, schools teach students to take responsibility, love their country, and serve human kind. The school equips individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to live and solve problems in their lives. 

Over the years, schools have made successful professionals such as engineers and doctors and made peacemakers heal, love, and support people, making the world a better place to live.

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The Thomas Fuller -

Thomas Fuller is an African man, who is born within Liberia and Benin. The noble man was born in year 1710. during his lifetime, he was very intelligent and it is very easy for him to understand everything about arithmetic.

During his lifetime, he remarkable have powers and ability to calculate fast made him a tool of abolitionist because demonstrate blacks are not mentally inferior to white people. Back then in the past century, white people didn’t believe in African talents and their suggestion.

We do believed that, Our African mathematics understanding allow us to claim that when Thomas Fuller arrived in United states. He had already developed his calculation ability before he joined the white people. His ability to learn numbers of words, a numeration system of arithmetical operations.

Although, there are many people who also have the ability to do calculation in other African countries. According to the evidence, here is another man which his name was John Bardot’s, in year 1732, he is good in account of the abilities of inhabitant of FIda.

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