Kokunsan Tarihin Borno A Nigeria, Dakuma Mene Tarihin "Usman Dan Fodio"

 

Zamubaku Tarihi Ne Game Da "Usman Dan Fodio Da Kuma,
Tayaya Aka Samu Kasar "BORNO"

A nan ne kuma zamu kara yin bayani game da wannan bawan allah wanda yashi ga tarihi a duniya wanda aka  fisani da "Usman Ibin Dan Fodio" shikuma aka haifeshi a rana alif shekara ta (1754) a yankin gobir. Kuma shi marigayi alah yayi masa rasuwa ne a shekara (1817) ga wanat 20 na afrilu a chikin garin ta sokoto, kuma shi an nadamasa wannan suna ta arabic wanda akan fisaninsa da "Shiek Usman bin dan Fodio" kuma iyayensa da suka haifeshi Usamn bin dan fodio sune "Malla Muhammad Bello, kuma tare da mahaifiyarsa 'Maimunatu" kuma shi Usman Dan Fodio Allah Yabashi yara guda biyu, a chikin yaran sune daya daga ciki shine" Dansa namiji shine Muhammadu Bello da kuma watau yarinyarsa ake chemata "Nana Asma'u.

Kuma ana yimasa yabon girma game da yadda yayi tasirin yaga yakafa daular ta addinin musulunchi a jahar ta yakin Hausawa. Kuma da lilinda yasa ake yimasa jagoranci a matsayin Usaman Dan Fodio, kokuma sunan da aka yimasa na laranchi watau "Usman Bin Dan Fodio" wanda yayi suna kasar "Sokoto" kuma ga fadin nigeria gabadaya. Kuma yayi jagoran ta wajen musulumci sosai ta hanyar yaga yadda addinin yayi karfi a jahar arewan kasar gaba daya. Usman dan fodio mallami ne kuma shi babba marubucine dangane da duk abin yashafe addini kuma majagoran yankin fulani ne wanda yakafa tarihi a duk yankin shiyasa ake kiransa da sunan da aka samasa da laranci wato "Uman Bin Dan Fodio" daular musuluncine a jahar ta "Sokoto"

Shi marigayi Usman Dan Fodio yana daya daga cikin mutanen da suka waye a bangaren arewa kuma yana daya daga cikin wanda suka waye ga cikin fulani kuma yayi suna a yankin ta "Afrika" babu kamar afrika ta tsakiya.  Usman Dan Fodio Shine yanada daya daga cikin babban mallamai na "Sunnah" wanda aka fisani da "Maliki" wand shine yakan koyarwa ga duk wani tsarin "Imam Mali" Wanda aka fisani da "Malikiya".

Kuma duk rayuwarsa yayine a kasar "Nigeria" inda ake kiransa da lakabin "Amir al Mumin Usman Bin Dan Fodio" kuma shine wanda ya jagoranci farkon mulkin na " Sultan Of Sokoto" a yadda tarihi yanuna. Shi marigayi a mtsayin malamine na addini ta musulunci wanda yayi gogor maya gameda yaga yakafa addinin musulunci a kasar arewancin ta Nigeria kuma shi mai koyar da "Mazhabir Malikiya" a rayuwansa ta a yankin "Gobir" inda har zuwa shekara ta (1802) daga nan kuma sai yafar yin yadda yagani ya kauda banzan al'adu wanda addini ya haramtar, dakuma yayi nasara a ko'ina duk inda yaje har idan yayi wa mutane bayani game da yadda addini musulunci yake, sai kaga sun karba addinn musulunci a ko'ina a fadin kasar ta arewancin Nigeria.

Shi 'Usman Dan Fodio' yayi rubuce rubuce gameda addinn musulunci, dakuma wasu al'addu na 'Hausa' dakuma al'adun 'Fulani'. Shi marigayi "Usman Bin Dan Fodio" yayi yakirsa ne tun a shekara ta (1804 har zuwa 1812) kuma tarihi yanuna yafitone daga yankin kabilar "Toronkanwa" daga yakin "Fulani", Shi "Usman Dan Fodio" yakasance daga dangin ta Toronkanwa ta kabilar (Fulani) dake mazauninsa a cikin Masarautar ta Husawa a shekara ta (1400) da ke yankin arewancin Nigeria, har yakasance yana bin karantarwa ta "Malikiyi" ta makarantar ta "Fkhu" (Islamic-Fikihu) da kuma nuna abin athahiri dakuma yake bangaren ta "Darika" wanda aka fisani da (Khadiriya) a tarihi yadda yanuna shi marigayi.

Usamn dan fodio yarubuta littattafai sama da dari (100) wanda ya kunshi al'adu wanda yashafe addini da zamanta kewa na al'umma. Marigayi Usman dan fodio yayi kokarin sukar sauran mallamai na addinin musulci gamed yadda ke son zuciyasa ta hanyan addini wato dan rashin fadan gaskiya a yadda dokokin shari'a ya fada. shi marigayi yakarantar da mata da maza harma da yaransa wanda har suma suka zama masu marubucin littafi, kuma suma sun zama mallamai na addini na musulinci.

Ancigaba da kawo rubuce rubucen da yayi kuma har ayau ana amfani da littafain da ya rubuta kuma har ayau ana kiransa da suna "Shehu" kasar fulani bakidaya. Wasu kuma suna daukan shi marigayi Usman Dan Fodio akan shi mutumine wanda allah yabashi hikima wanda ba kowane yake da shi ba ta wajen "Mujaddadin" mai wahayi daga allah mai gyara addinn ta musulunci.

Chingaban shi Usmanu Dan fodio yayi kokarin yin wace hanyar da zai bi yaga dai dolar musuluci ta daukaka a ko'ina na arewancin kasar, ida yayi tayi gogormaya a mtsayin sa na dan fulani dake jahar ta (Karni) kuma shine na gomasha takwas har zuwa goma shatara. Kuma yayi nasara ne gameda kafa daular ta musuluncine a wannan jahohin da ake kira "Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro, da kuma Futa Djallon" da ke shekara ta (1650) har zuwa shekara ta (1750) wanda shine yakirkiro wannan jahohin guda uku na na Islama.

TARIHIN KASAR "BORNO"

Nabiyu kuma zamu baku tarihine game da kasar jahar "Borno" watau daular Borno dake kasar ta Nigeria. Shi wanna labarine wanda mutane da dama suna neman tarihi ga wannan kasar yaya aka samu wannan kasar ta "Borno" muntambaye masana kuma sun bamu amsar wanda har ya gamsar da mu, sai mukace bari mu baiyana game da yadda mutane suna son su san tarihi gameda wanan kasar "Borno".

Ita daular Borno ta dade da kafata kuma tana cikin bangaren guda goma (10) na cikin "Karni" wanda ya hada da ke cikin Nigeria kuma yahada da Nigeria, Camaroon, Chadi, Niger,Libiya, da Sudan. Ita wannan daula ta "El-Kanemi ansamo shi asali daga daular ta (Saifuwa) wan har a yau yana yawo a ko ta ina.

A yadda labari yanuna cewa, su mutanen wanda suka dawo daga can kasar ta Yemen suka yi kokarin inda suka kafa  suka kafa wannan daular ta (Saifuwa) a Jahar ta "Borno" har wanda ya dauki shekara kusan dubu daya (1000) da suka gabata a yau.

wanda aka aka fisani da Mohammed al-Amin wanda aka fisani da Elkanemi, yayi kokarin kau da mulkin ta (Saifuwa) inda yayi kokarinsa sai da yakafa daular ta ( Kanem) na goma sha takwas (18) a yayinda sarakuna da dama suka ci karensu ba babbaka inda suka yi mulki da dama na tsawo shekaru.

Munyi kokarin bin daddagi ne ameda muga munsamu tarihi gameda ita wannan daular borno, daya daga chiki shine munsame wani daga ciki inda muka tattauna dashi shine, Alhaji Zanna Hassan, shi wanda aka fisani da (darekta ne na wanda shine yake kula da wani duk al'ammurori game da fadar ta masarauta dake jahar Borno) dakuma wani wanda ake kiransa (Adam Ajiri Mohammed wanda shine mai nazarin ta addinin ta islama dake can jamiyar ta maiduguri, wanda sune muka samesu sukayi mana bayani gameda cikakken tarihin daula "Borno" ciki da waje.

TAYAYA AKA SAMU KALMAR (BORNO)

A yadda mukayi bincike gameda yadda aka samu kalmar ta "BORNO" watau tarihi ne yanuna aka wai ita 'Borno' an samota ne daga wata kalmominda aka fisani da "Larabci" shine "Bahar'Nur" wati shine a matsayin ake kira wato "Kogin Haske" a yadda tarihi yanunamana ga binciken da mukayi. Jahar ita Borno kasa ce wanda kowa yasani game da, daular musulunci wanda aka fisani da Bahar Nur wato a mtsayi kogin musulunci kokuma za ace dular musulunci ga yadda masu bayanen tarihin suka ce a tarihence.

Masanin tarihin ta wato 'Alhaji Hassan Zannan yayi bayani gameda (Ibn Khaldun da ya ambaci wato Bhahar -Nur a yadda tarihi yanuna a rubuce rubucensa game da musulnci a nahiyar afrika.

DIDDIGIN (BORNO)

Tarihi yanuna akan jahar ta Borno wato wasu mutane ne suka zo daga can kasar yemen har zuwa Nigeria suka duba suka ga yaka mata sunema ma'zauni a wanna yanki babban daga ciki wanda yajagoran zuwa wanna jar, wani sarki ne wanda ake kiransa da "Ibin Said Yazan" wanda ake kira da 'Malik Himyari' tun kamin zamanin annabawa kuma yayi kokarin kafa daular ga Fasha har da India.

Trihi yanuna akan cewa su wanda suke bin bayan "Said Yazan' akan su ba Sahabban annabi bane bayan mafak bayan hijirarsa daga "Makka" zuwa 'Madina'. Bincike yanuna akan mutanen Yemen assalin kanuri suka kafa cibiyar Borno wanda ita ne daular Zannan Hassan Baguma.

BORNO ALLOKACIN "SAHABBAI"

A yadda mukayi bincike game da 'BORNO' ko kunsan yaya garin yake alokacin su "Sahabbai" sai wani daga cikin masana yayi mana bayani game da wannan lokaci, sunanansa mai fadamana shine "Hassa Zanna Baguma" daular 'Borno' takafu ne tun kamin suwan Annabi (SAW). A wannan lokacinne sarakuna suka aika wasika zuwa ga mallamai akan suna neman "Mallamain" da zasu koyar da addini musulunci suwa ga "Sheik Amr-As" wato shine gomna a wannan lokaci, sai shikuma yajagoranci wani maisuna "Ibn Nafi Uqba" daga wannan lokacinne sai sarakunan Borno sukayi kokarin karbar wannan malamain da aka tura musu daga wajen "Nafi" a zamanin " Zamanin Sayiddina Umar" RA".

Baguma yayi bayani game da wasu littattafai da yake a kwai, yanuna akan cewa a lokacin zamanin shi "Sayyidina Usman". Sai dai forfesa Ajiri Mohammed yace a wannan lokacinne daular "Magaribi" dake cikin arewancin ta Afrika "Ibn Nafiyi" sanadiyar yakinsa ne har yakawo Borno zuwa lokacin ta (666) da kuma zamanin "Kaulafa'ur Rasshidun" yafarane daga lokacin (632 har zuwa 660). Yace baza muze sunyi zamani a lokacin su sahabbai ba, amma dai kamar yanuna a wannan lokaci watakila akwai musulunci  a Borno koda yake a wannan lokaci anfi cewa a likacin zamanin "Umaiyad" ne daga (661 har zuwa 750).

Ayyada tarihi yanuna a wannan lokacin a kwai tarihin binciken da yanuna cewa shekara at (661 har zuwa shekara ta 670) akan akwai wani malami wanda daga can Dualar "Umaiyad" ne da suka dawo zuwa yankin ta Magharib har suka iso yankin Borno inji shi ferfesa Ajirri.

TAYAYA SAIFUWA YAKE A BORNO DA KUMA ( ELKANEMI'

Tambaya ce da muka samu daga Abdurahman Salisu Zaria da Abubakar Goni Kolo da Hassan Yarima K da Huguma, Baba Ali Kabir Saifuwa su ne asalin sarautar Borno, kuma Boguma ya ce dalilin da ya sa ake kiransu Saifuwa saboda sun fito ne daga Said "Dhi  Ibn Yazan".Tarihi ya nuna Saifuwa sun yi sarauta sama da shekara (1000) inda suka yi sarakuna kimanin (114), tun kafin karni na bakwai.

Ferfesa Ajiri ya ce bayan Saifuwa sun ci Zagawa da yaki ne suka kafa daular musulunci a Borno, kuma sun kafa daula ne daga wajajen karni na shida. Sarakunan farko a daular Saifuwa sun hada da Mai Dugu a shekarar (785) da Mai Fune a shekarar 836 da Mai Aritso a (893), da Mai Katuri a (942) da Mai Ayoma a 961 da Mai Bulu a (1019) da Mai Arki a (1036) da Mai Shu a (1076). Tun zamanin Sarkin Saifuwa Mai Hume Djilme a wajajen (1081) aka fara daula ta musulunci har zuwa sauran sarakunan da aka yi", a cewar Zanna Boguma. Ya ce, a zamanin daular musulunci ta Saifuwa an yi Sarakuna da suka hada da Mai Dunama Humemi da ya yi mulki daga shekarar (1097) zuwa (1151) da Mai Biri Ibn Dunoma da ya yi mulki daga shekarar (1150 zuwa (1175) da Mai  Ibn Bikoru Biri da ya yi zamani daga (1175 zuwa 1194).

Mai Ahmad ne Sarkin Saifuwa na karshe, kamin lokacin zamanin daular ElKanemi ta Jahar Borno.

Farfesa Ajiri ya ce karshen mulkin Saifuwa ya zo karshe ne a lokacin da Fulani suka kawo hari suka ci garin Gazargamu da yaki tsohon babban birnin Daular Borno. Goni Mukhtar ne ya yaki Gazargamu, inda ya kori Mai na Saifuwa tare da taimakon Shehu El Kanemi. ElKanemi ne ya taimaka aka kori Fulani daga Borno. Farfesa Ajiri ya ce bayan an kashe Goni Muktar a Damaturu ne kuma Mai Ahmad na Saifuwa ya rasu, daga nan El Kanemi ya zama Sarki a wajajen (1811) har zuwa (1815). ElKanemi ya ci gaba da mulki a daular Saifuwa duk da cewa shi ba daga zuriyar Saifuwa ba ne. Farfesa ya ce ElKanemi ya kafa daular ElKanemi (1816) a birnin Kukawa, wato shekaru sama da (201) dake a yanzu.

Idan an hada shekaru kusan (801) na Daular Saifuwa da shekaru sama da (202) zai kasance shekarun daular Borno sama da (1000)." Shehu Mohammed el Amin Elkanemi" ya fara kafa daula ne a Ngurno tare da ba Mai "Dunoma" na Tara Lefami matsayin sarki a "Kanem" daga daular Saifuwa daga (1815) zuwa (1818). Mai Ibrahim na hudu Ibn Dunoma Lefami ne ya gaji Dunoma a matsayin Sarkin Saifuwa a Kanem. Bayan El Kanemi ya karbi mulki ne sarautar Borno ta sauya daga Saifuwa zuwa Shehu ElKanemi Masanin tarihin "Zanna Boguma" ya ce lakabin sarautar Borno ya sauya daga "Sarki" zuwa "Shehu" bayan kafuwar ElKanemi, sarakunan farko.

 Daga nan ne bayan ElKanemi ya samu mulkin Borno, daga nan ne ya ce shi ba zai amince a kira shi da "Mai" ba saboda shi malami ne".Don haka ya ce zai kira kansa a matsayin Shehu, wato Malami, inda ya hada mulki da malamanta", a cewar Zanna Boguma.Ya kuma ce: "Wannan ne dalilin da ya sa duk wadanda suka zama sarakuna a Borno ake kiransu Shehu daga gidan El Kanemi."Shehu Umar Kura ne ya gaji mahaifinsa Shehu Muhammad El Amin ElKanemi a matsayin Sarkin Borno daga (1834) zuwa (1855).

'RABEH' DAGA "BORNO"

Rabeh Zubair Ibn Fadlallah mutum ne da ya taso daga Sudan, wanda ke sana'ar fataucin bayi, inda yake saye ya kuma sayar da bayi. Masanin tarihi Zanna Boguma ya ce fataucin bayi ne dalilin da ya sa Rabeh ya yaki Borno. A (1894) ne Rabeh ya kawo wa Borno hari."Rabeh Zubair ne ya rushe tsohuwar daular Borno bayan ya kaddamar da yaki kuma ya samu galabar kwace iko ya mayar da Dikwa a matsayin babban birnin daularsa". Rabeh ya kashe sarakunan Borno guda biyu, Shehu Kyarimi da Shehu Sanda Wudoroma.

A (1901) sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka suka kashe Rabeh bayan ya yi mulki a shekaru bakwai da watanni bakwai da kwanaki bakwai a Borno. Bayan sun kashe Rabeh ne suka aza Shehu Sanda Kura daga zuriyar Elkanemi a matsayin Shehun Borno a Dikwa a (1902). A (1903) suka cireshi suka kuma daura dan uwansa Umar Abubakar Garbai, a matsayin Shehun Borno na yanzu.

A Lokacin Turawan mulkin Mallaka, tsohuwar Masarautar Borno ta rabu kashi biyu inda Dikwa ta koma karkashin ikon turawan mulkin mallaka na Jamusanci, bisa wata yarjejeniya tsakanin turawan Faransa da ita Birtaniya da kuma Jamus na mulkin mallaka. Daga baya Abubakar Garbai ya koma Sarkin Borno a yankin da turawan Birtaniya ke iko. A shekarar (1903) ya fara yin hijira zuwa Monguno kafin daga baya ya koma Maiduguri. Lokacin da Dikwa ta koma karkashin ikon Birtaniya, an samu Shehu guda biyu, Shehun Borno a Maiduguri da kuma Shehun Dikwa.

An kafa masarautar Borno da al'adunta ne a kan tsari na musulunci? Masanin tarihi Zanna Boguma ya ce a zamanin farko na El Kanemi an bi tsari ne irin na khalifancin Manzo SAW. Ya ce El Kanemi yana da mashawarta guda hudu wadanda kuma suka kasance kamar majalisar Koli. "Mutanen sun hada da Malam Muhammed Terab da Malam Ahmad Gonimi da Ibrahim Wadaima da Aji Sudani wadanda suka taimaka masa wajen shinfida tsari na shari'a da adalci a Borno".

Amma ya ce bisa tsari na al'adan Borno tana da tsarin sarautu (3,331),) wadanda suka kunshi na 'ya'yan gidan sarki da fadawa da bayi da na Malamai. Sannan akwai sarautu na sana'o'i kamar na wanzanci da kira da rini. Amma sarautun da suke da girma da kima sun kai (314).

TAYA AKE ZABAR SARKIN"BORNO"

Tambaya ce da muka samu daga Aminudden Ali Dan Hassan Idan Sarki ya rasu, bayan an yi jana'izarsa za a sanar da hukuma a rubuce, cewa Sarki ya rasu. Daga nan wadanda ke da alhakin zaben sabon Sarki za su zauna su yi shawara sannan su fitar da sunaye daga gidajen sarautar Borno.

Idan sun zabi sabon sarki za su mika wa gwamnati akan ta sanar.  Kuma "Masu zaben sabon Sarki su guda bakwai ne da suka hada da Shettima Kanuribe da Shettima Kuburibe da Yarima da Kaigama da Mallam Terab" a cewar al'adar ta Zannah Boguma.

Ko Tarihi Yanu Akan Usmaniya Ta Yaki Daular "BORNO"

Yakin Shehu Usman Danfodio ya faru ne a (1803), inda ya kafa tuta da daulolinsa a kasashen Hausa a (1806).  Shi danfodio bai yi niyyar ya yaki Borno ba, amma Fulani da suke zaune a Borno da ake kira Fulata Borno karkashin wani babban malami Goni Mukhtar suka kaddamar da yaki. Malam Goni Muktar ya rubutawa Danfodio wasika yana son a ba shi tuta, yana ganin Borno na bukatar a kaddamar da yaki na jihadi saboda a ganinsa akwai wasu abubuwan da ake yi na al'adu. "Amma bayan yakin, El Kanemi ya rubutawa Danfodio da takarda cewa bai kamata a yaki Borno ba domin kasa ce ta musulunci da sarakunanta", a cewar Zanna Boguma. Ya kara da cewa akwai rubutun wasikar El Kanemi zuwa ga Danfodio a cikin litaffin Infakul Maisuri na Muhammadu Bello Danfodio.

A cikin wasikar El kanemi ya nuna cewa yakin da aka kaddamar ba jihadi ba ne illa neman mulki da son duniya". "Daga baya Danfodio da El Kanemi sun dawo sun fahimci juna inda suka amince kuma suka tabbatar da cewa babu abin da ke tsakaninsu illa aminci da 'yan uwantaka ta addinin musulunci". Zanna Boguma ya ce Borno ba ta taba zama a karkashin tutar daular Usmaniya ba domin Borno tana da tarihi na musulunci da malamanta sama da shekara (1001) kafin kafuwar daular Usmaniya a Sokoto. "Hakan ya sanya da aka yi bikin cika shekaru (200) da kafuwar Daular Usman Danfodio muka ce bai shafe mu ba, sai mu muka yi bikin shekaru (1001) da kafuwar daular musulunci ta Borno".

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